Isoxazolyl Penicillins: Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, and Flucloxacillin
M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson in Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus strains appear to hyperproduce beta-lactamase, but other mechanisms may also be involved. Woods and Yam (1988) found that the MICs of oxacillin against these strains were 1–2 mg/l. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were higher, but the bactericidal testing results were markedly influenced by the technique employed. Sierra-Madero et al. (1988) found that the MICs of these strains varied from 1 to 4 mg/l and considered that oxacillin may well be less effective clinically for treatment of infections caused by these strains. Animal studies performed by Pefanis et al. (1993) suggested that oxacillin would be clinically effective in the treatment of infections caused by borderline oxacillin-susceptible strains of S. aureus. This has also been confirmed by clinical studies (Massanari et al., 1988).
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Adorjan Aszalos in Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Oxacillin is a isoxazolylpenicillin used in treating diseases resistant to penicillin G. It can be quantified in body fluids after oral administration using an octadecylsilane analytical column and an ethylsilane guard column with a mobile phase of 0.03 M acetate buffer, pH 5.6-methanol (2:1) flowing at 1.5 ml/min through a 254 nm detector [282]. Responses to oxacillin and its active 5-hydroxymethyl derivative were linear in urine from 83 to 1620 μg/ml and 74 to 920 μg/ml, respectively, as well as to the corresponding penicilloic acids from 20 to 200 μg/ml.
Staphylococcus aureus
Firza Alexander Gronthoud in Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Some MSSA strains are penicillinase hyperproducers and have a reduced in vitro susceptibility to semisynthetic penicillins. These strains are called borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or BORSA. Oxacillin is used in the microbiology laboratory as a marker for susceptibility to semisynthetic penicillin. Clinically, however, semisynthetic penicillins remain effective against BORSA infections.
Role of dalbavancin as combination therapy: evidence from the literature and clinical scenarios
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Bruno Cacopardo, Dario Cattaneo, Francesco Cortese, Mariagrazia Di Luca, Marco Falcone, Giulia Marchetti, Carlo Tascini, Giusy Tiseo, Mario Venditti
Several in vitro studies showed a synergistic activity of lipopeptide and glycopeptide antibiotics combined with beta-lactams [17–19]. Since its approval, several in vitro studies also demonstrated the synergy between dalbavancin and other antibiotics [20]. Importantly, a synergistic effect with oxacillin was observed against staphylococci, including MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), and enterococci, findings with potential clinical implications. Of importance, dalbavancin displays potent in vitro synergistic activity with other antistaphylococcal antibiotics, such as ceftaroline [21,22]. Dalbavancin MICs significantly decrease in combination with cefazolin, ceftaroline, and oxacillin against MRSA, hVISA, VISA, and linezolid-resistant S. aureus isolates [21]. The combination of dalbavancin plus linezolid against MRSA isolates is highly synergistic with no antagonistic effect [23].
Effect of promethazine on biofilms of gram-positive cocci associated with infectious endocarditis
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Gláucia Morgana de Melo Guedes, Carliane Melo Alves Melgarejo, Alyne Soares Freitas, Bruno Rocha Amando, Cecília Leite Costa, Crister José Ocadaque, Francisco Ivanilsom Firmiano Gomes, Silviane Praciano Bandeira, Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha, José Júlio Costa Sidrim, Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
The American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that about 100,000 to 200,000 new cases of infective endocarditis are diagnosed in the United States of America (USA) each year, and recent data showing an increase in incidence in USA and UK (Yang et al. 2015; Hubers et al. 2020). Endocarditis is usually caused by an infection, where an endothelial cardiovascular presents an inflammatory structure of platelets and fibrin commonly observed with growth of vegetations composed of microorganisms, which can be considered a pathognomonic sign of the disease (Cahill and Prendergast 2016; Pecoraro and Doubell 2020). The main etiological agents are Gram-positive cocci, with emphasis on the genera Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. (Htwe and Khardori 2012). To treat the infection, several drug regimens can be used, most of which include oxacillin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus spp. and ceftriaxone or vancomycin against Streptococcus spp., with vancomycin as the last drug resource (Gould et al. 2012; Habib et al. 2015).
Equivalent effect of extracellular proteins and polysaccharides on biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Weidong Qian, Wenjing Wang, Jianing Zhang, Miao Liu, Yuting Fu, Mingming Li, Jing Jin, Wei Cui, Chengbin Wang
Twenty-four S. lugdunensis isolates, designated as SL1–SL24, were obtained from seven hospitals in Beijing, China, between 2016 and 2018. The susceptibility of these strains to eight antibiotics—penicillin (P), oxacillin (OXA), gentamicin (GM), moxifloxacin (MOX), erythromycin (E), vancomycin (VA), linezolid (LZD), and clindamycin (DA)—was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. All specimens were incubated in tryptic soy broth (TSB, AOBOX, Beijing). The plates were cultured overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO2. When the same isolate was collected twice or from more than one patient, it was only counted as one isolate. The identity of all isolates was confirmed as S. lugdunensis using MALDI-TOF MS, and VITEK 2. S. lugdunensis ATCC700328 strain, a known biofilm producer, was employed as the control. The strains were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI, AOBOX, Beijing) or TSB. The medium were supplemented with glucose or NaCl at the indicated concentrations, when necessary.
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Beta-Lactam