Metabolic disorders
Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson in Concise Paediatrics, 2020
Organic acids are produced though the removal of the amino group (nitrogen) from amino acids. They are metabolized in the cell to produce energy. Enzyme defects in these pathways lead to an accumulation of the preceding organic acids. This occurs particularly during periods of increased protein turnover from: Dietary sources, orIntercurrent illness (endogenous catabolism ↑)Early neonatal period (a natural physiological catabolism occurs making this a particularly vulnerable time)
Glutamate Sensing in Plants
Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina in Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Plant nutrition has important implications for plant development. The adequate acquisition of nutrients determines plant fitness and productivity; thus, the competence of plants to respond to nutrient availability is critical for their adaptation to the environment (López-Bucio et al., 2003). The soil organic nitrogen sources are very important to the plant nutrition so that several researches have been focused to study the role of recycling organic compounds, specifically amino acids, during the growth of plants (Abuarghub and Read, 1988; Dinkeloo et al., 2017; Jones and Darrah, 1994; Kielland, 1994; Näsholm et al., 2009). It has been found that Glu is one of the most represented amino acids in soil with a concentration ranging between 1 and 10 µg per gram of dry soil, although, under certain conditions these concentrations tend to increase, for example, after decomposition of dead organisms (Abuarghub and Read, 1988). Additionally, some soil microorganisms produce biofilms composed of amino acid polymers, such as poly-glutamic acid, which enriches Glu content of soil (Kubota et al., 1996; Richard and Margaritis, 2006; Zhang et al., 2017).
Assessment of Secondary Metabolites in the Yams of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. & Dioscorea pentaphylla L.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Phytomedicine, 2020
The moisture content in the tuber extraction was weighed, and values were estimated before and after incubation in a hot air oven at 80°C for 24 hours, followed by cooling in desiccators. The average loss in weight of the samples was calculated and expressed as the moisture percentage. The nitrogen content was determined by the microKjeldhal method (Humphries 1956). The crude protein was calculated by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen content with the factor 6.25. The crude lipid, crude fiber, and ash were estimated by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists method (AOAC 1970). The nitrogen free extractive (NFE) or crude carbohydrate was calculated as follows 100% of crude protein + % of crude lipid + % of crude fiber + % of ash (Muller and Tobin 1980). The calorific value was determined by multiplying the percentages of crude protein, crude fiber and carbohydrates with the factors 4, 9, and 4 respectively. Amino acids, free sugars, and buffer soluble proteins were determined (Basha et al. 1976).
Metabolic profile elucidation of Zhi–Zi–Da–Huang decoction in rat intestinal bacteria using high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with multiple analytical perspectives
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Miao Wang, Qing Hu, Qingshui Shi, Gongjun Yang, Fang Feng
M2 was detectable only in positive mode and it was eluted at 25.92 min with [M + H]+ at m/z 224.0918. Thus, it was regarded as a nitrogen-containing compound according to the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. Previous studies indicated that the aldehyde group originated from hemiacetal isomerization of iridoids could react with ammonia to produce N-heterocycle derivative in the process of incubation, namely genipinine (Yang et al., 2011). As shown in Figure 5(a), M2 was first detected at the 8 h-biosample with its content increased continuously. And the product ions of M2 at m/z 206.0814, m/z 192.0652, and m/z 164.0709 were generated from [M + H]+ m/z 224.0918 by loss of H2O, CH3OH, and CH3COOH, respectively, which was in consistent with the fragmentation of genipinine. Hence, M2 was tentatively identified as genipinine.
Development of carbazole-bearing pyridopyrimidine-substituted urea/thiourea as polyphenol oxidase inhibitors: synthesis, biochemistry, and theoretical studies
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Arleta Rifati Nixha, Adem Ergun, Nahit Gencer, Oktay Arslan, Mustafa Arslan
Heterocyclic compounds especially nitrogen containing have great attention in the literature due to biological properties. Among the compounds, pyrimidine and pyridine--containing compounds have been the subject of expanding research efforts in organic and biological chemistry (Sonmez et al.2011). In recent years, the pyrido-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine heterocyclic compounds that are annelated to a pyrimidine ring exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties, such as antitubercular (Nimavat et al.2003), calcium-channel blockers (Zorkun et al.2006), antibacterial (Nagaraj and Reddy 2008), antiviral (Patel and Chikhalia 2006), antifungal (Saundane and Veeresha Sharma 2004, Anu et al.2005), antimalarial (Rana et al.2004), antihypertensive (Chilkale et al.2009), carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Kuday et al.2014), analgesic, and anti-inflammatory (Sondhi et al.2005, Dravyakar et al.2007). Interestingly, pyrimidines are also known to possess antitumour, anticancer, and antineoplastic potencies (Damien et al.2002, Azam et al.2008). Also, the pyrimidine compounds are essential for synthetic drugs (e.g. barbituric acid derivatives), chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. sulfadiazine), and agricultural chemicals (Shilpa et al.2012). There are a few compounds used as cosmetic and therapeutic agents such as kojic acid, arbutin, tropolone, and 1-phenyl-2-thiourea. Thus, there has been great attention in the medical, cosmetic, and agricultural industries for the development of safe and effective PPO inhibitors (Thanigaimalai et al.2010).
How changing environments alter the microbial composition and ecological response in marine biofilms: a mini review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Marine nitrogen deposition involves the atmospheric input of reactive nitrogen into the marine environment. The process by which reactive nitrogen is transferred from the atmosphere to the ocean affects the pH, nutrient status and biofilm formation of the marine environment. Nitrogen is the most important element that tends to alter primary productivity of marine environment due to its crucial role in marine biogeochemistry and its interrelation with other biogeochemical cycles such as carbon cycle. In marine environment, nitrogen ranges in form from NH4 and NO3 which are in reduce form and fully oxidized form, respectively. This is the reason why nitrogen could act as both electron donor and acceptor in marine environment. The alteration of marine environment caused by GHGE tends to have negative effect on marine biota. It is thereby important to study the role of marine biofilm in marine nitrogen deposition. The marine nitrogen deposition process involves different microbial transformations, and enzymes are found in the organism forming marine biofilm. These processes of transformation of nitrogen compounds in the marine environment tend to have important effects on the stability of nitrogen in marine environment. The present study reports processes involved in marine nitrogen deposition and the role of marine biofilm in the process of nitrogen transformation and deposition. The present study is based on marine-fixed nitrogen, marine-retained nitrogen and marine loss nitrogen.
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