The Human Cancer Situation
Samuel C. Morris in Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
The fraction of current cancer deaths attributed to occupational exposure, pollution, medicines, medical procedures, and industrial and commercial products was small; all of these combined were estimated to contribute less then 10% of cáncer deaths. It is this 10% that is the focus of most cancer risk assessments. What of the massive introduction of synthetic organic chemicals into the environment? What of the acclaimed and predicted “cancer epidemic”? New chemical exposures could indeed add increments to the current cancer rate. Moreover, assessments of these exposures and their risks aid in planning technological development. Once recognized, many occupational and some public exposures can be reduced or eliminated by practicable means. But the increase in exposure to industrial chemicals began in the 1800s and has been rising rapidly since the middle of this century. Enough time has passed to expect to see the beginnings of the effect. Doll and Peto (1981) report that while “The human evidence that is currently available does not allow us to express any confident opinion about the extent of the harm that the introduction of these substances may or may not do in the future. The trends that are are being recorded do not, however, suggest that the United States (or Britain. . .) is beginning to experience an epidemic of cancer due to new factors.”
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Activated carbon (AC) (sometimes referred to as activated charcoal) is a specially formulated carbon-based product. It is principally used to adsorb organic compounds and pollutants from liquid and gas streams. Although organic chemical compounds are attracted best to carbon, carbon has little affinity for removing inorganic chemicals. Examples of organic chemicals removed by AC include benzene, toluene, xylene, oils, and some chlorinated compounds as well as odor and color contamination. Factors affecting its capability in removing chemicals include, but are not limited to, molecular weight, solubility in water, polarity, and temperature of the fluid stream (General Carbon, 2016b). Additionally, AC may serve as a catalyst (which promotes or speeds up a chemical reaction but at the end of the chemical reaction, is not itself changed), since its active surface provides a far greater distribution of catalytically active atoms than are available on the corresponding metal (Shabanzadeh, 2012). In the United States in 2002, approximately 200,000 tons were produced (Jabit, 2007).
Sunscreens
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
The choice of sunscreen system is also influenced by the end user and the type of claims required. Products for sensitive skin or for use with babies and children frequently utilize the inorganic sunscreens, which are perceived as natural and more gentle. They can be used at higher levels with lower risk of causing irritation or provoking an allergic response. The organic/chemical filters do carry a higher risk of causing irritation or, in some cases, provoking allergic reaction, and this is managed via capping of usage levels via legislation and ongoing monitoring of the materials. Many brand owners will put additional restrictions over and above the regulatory minimum to ensure their products are as safe for their intended use as possible. Whichever system is used the safety profile of the final formulation is a function of the other ingredients included, so sunscreen selection is only one factor in the decision-making process.
Computational modeling (in silico) methods combined with ecotoxicological experiments (in vivo) to predict the environmental risks of an antihistamine drug (loratadine)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Vinicius Roveri, Luciana Lopes Guimarães, Alberto Teodorico Correia
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are unregulated synthetic organic chemicals, that have recently been discovered and for which the potential environmental risks to the “One Health” trilogy (environment, human, and animal health) are yet to be established (Cheng et al., 2021; Rout et al., 2021). ECs have been detected at trace levels in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world, and thus, at present, their increasing environmental occurrence is one of the greatest concerns of the scientific community (Cheng et al., 2021; Rout et al., 2021). Several types of ECs exist, such as nano and microplastics (NMPs), trace organic compounds (TrOCs), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), personal care products (PCPs), and the pharmaceuticals compounds (PhACs: the focus of this study) (Cheng et al., 2021; Rout et al., 2021).
Assessment of trace element toxicity in surface water of a fish breeding river in Bangladesh: a novel approach for ecological and health risk evaluation
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Refat Jahan Rakib, Yeasmin Nahar Jolly, Bilkis Ara Begum, Tasrina Rabia Choudhury, Konika Jannat Fatema, Md. Saiful Islam, Mir Mohammad Ali, Abubakr M. Idris
Total dissolved solids indicate the amount of chemical substances dissolved in the water. At increasing levels, palatability decreases. Levels in excess of 1000 mg/L may produce a bad taste. Water used for irrigation can vary greatly in quality depending upon type and quantity of dissolved salts. TDS consists of oxygen-demanding wastes, disease-causing agents, which can cause immense harm to public health. The presence of synthetic organic chemicals (fuels, detergents, paints, solvents, etc.) imparts objectionable and offensive tastes, odors and colors to fish and aquatic plants even when they are present in low concentrations (Sawyer et al. 1994, Leo and Dekkar 2000). Dissolved ions affect the pH of water, which in turn may influence the health of aquatic species. In our study, TDS level is below 20.30 mg/L which is far below the maximum tolerable limit set by WHO.
Correlations between pore textures of activated carbons and Langmuir constants – case studies on methylene blue and congo red adsorption
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Fadina Amran, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Dye is known as organic compound that imparts color to different substrates such as textiles, cosmetics, paper, drugs, leather, printings, foods, and plastics. In textile industry, dyes on fibers are physically bound by physical forces, namely van der Waals forces, hydrogen or ionic bonding, or chemically bound by covalent bonds. Almost 10 000 different textile dyes are introduced worldwide with 7 × 105 metric tonnes of annual production and 1 × 106 m3 per annum is used for textile products (Soloman et al.2009, Baban et al.2010). Textile industry releases about 54% of dye-containing wastewater which is the highest among other industries (Katheresan et al.2018). According to Gita et al. (2017), a large percentage of 10–15% of dye does not bind well with the fabric during the coloration process, while about 2–20% is directly discharged in wastewater.
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