Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Tapash K. Ghosh in Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
This chapter reviews progress in the development of dermal and transdermal delivery systems. Both dermal and transdermal drug therapy for local and systemic effect require the active agent to be delivered to the site of action. Skin permeation and enhancement technologies, together with delivery systems, have been the regular subject of updates and reviews, as have the differences between diseased and normal stratum corneum. It has been known for some time that permeation across the skin is controlled mainly by the tortuous but continuous intercellular lipid of the stratum corneum. The authors investigated the comparative skin permeation and found that the permeation of desogestrel was significantly greater than that of levonorgestrel. The intercellular lipid lamellae are highly structured, very stable and provide a highly effective barrier to chemical penetration and permeation. While permeation of ondansetron through pig skin from a base gel was low, the addition of isopropyl myristate or camphor improved delivery.
Nausea and vomiting
Heather Campbell in Nursing & Health Survival Guide: Palliative Care, 2014
This chapter deals with the management of nausea and vomiting which depends on the cause. Some gastrointestinal causes are Squashed stomach, Intestinal obstruction, Constipation, Gastritis, Delayed gastric emptying, Enlarged liver. Vomiting occurs when the vomiting reflex in the brain is stimulated by sensory messages from various parts of the brain and gastrointestinal tract. It in turn stimulates the vagus nerve and other cranial nerves to the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract to cause vomiting to occur. The importance of understanding the pathways and the neurotransmitters involved is important because:The sensory pathways to the vomiting centre have different neurotransmitter receptor sites Different antiemetics block different neurotransmitter receptors which in turn inhibit the sensory signals to the vomiting centre. Other antiemetics are Levomepromazine, Ondansetron, Octreotide, Hyoscine butylbromide. General principles to manage nausea and vomiting are Treat the cause, The antiemetic chosen depends on the cause. May need to be given via a parenteral route. Some antiemetics should not be given together.
The syringe driver
Wesley C. Finegan, Angela McGurk, Wilma O’Donnell, Jan Pederson, Elizabeth Rogerson in Care of the Cancer Patient, 2018
This chapter considers all the patient's symptoms and all the information available to doctors and assesses the symptoms, signs and information given using this to choose the appropriate remedies for the problem and offers extra information where available and appropriate. Two syringe drivers are in common use. They are the Graseby® MS16A and the Graseby® MS26. The syringe driver delivers by length, not volume. The MS26 can accommodate a syringe of 35 ml capacity and with a maximum travel distance of 60 mm. This is approximately 25 ml capacity. A simple chart can also be devised showing the drugs in the syringe, the time of set-up, and providing space in which to record remaining volume and the state of the skin at the infusion site. The following drugs can all be used in a syringe driver are Alfentanil, Clonazepam, Cyclizine, Dexamethasone, Diamorphine, Diclofenac, Dihydrocodeine, Fentanyl, Glycopyrronium, Haloperidol, Hydromorphone, Ketamine, Octreotide, Ondansetron and Phenobarbital.
Nasal administration of ondansetron using a novel microspheres delivery system Part II: Ex vivo and in vivo studies
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2010
Hitendra S. Mahajan, Surendra G. Gattani
Gellan gum-based mucoadhesive microspheres of ondansetron hydrochloride for intranasal systemic delivery were prepared to avoid first pass effect, an alternative route of administration to injection and to enhance systemic bioavailability of ondansetron hydrochloride. The microspheres were prepared using spray method. The evaluation results of microspheres were reported in our previous study. The aim of this work was to study the in vivo performance of mucoadhesive microspheres in comparison with oral and intravenous preparations of ondansetron hydrochloride. The nasal delivery system gave increased AUC0-240 and Cmax as compared to those of oral delivery. In conclusion, the gellan gum-based microsphere formulation of ondansetron hydrochloride with mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.
The effect of ondansetron in preventing the hypotensive bradycardic events during shoulder arthroscopy done under interscalene block in the sitting position
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2014
PurposeThis study was conducted to test whether blocking the serotonin receptors by intravenous [IV] ondansetron; can help in reducing the hypotensive bradycardic events [HB events] associated with shoulder arthroscopy done in the sitting position under interscalene plexus block [ISB]. MethodsOne hundred and fifty patients, scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy in the sitting position under ISB, were randomly assigned to one of three groups receiving either: 4 mg ondansetron, or 8 mg ondansetron or saline. ResultsIV injection of ondansetron 4 mg or 8 mg significantly reduced the incidence of HB events from 20.4% in the saline group to 6.1% after injection of 4 mg ondansetron and 6% after injection of 8 mg ondansetron; p value [0.030]. ConclusionIV ondansetron either 4 mg or 8 mg reduces the HB events during shoulder arthroscopy in the sitting position under ISB.
Nasal administration of ondansetron using a novel microspheres delivery system
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2009
Hitendra S. Mahajan, Surendra G. Gattani
Gellan gum microspheres of ondansetron hydrochloride, for intranasal delivery, were prepared to avoid the first pass metabolism as an alternative therapy to parentral, and to improve therapeutic efficiency in treatment of nausea and vomiting. The microspheres were prepared using conventional spray-drying method. The microspheres were evaluated for characteristics like particle size, incorporation efficiency, swelling ability, zeta potential, in-vitro mucoadhesion, thermal analysis, XRD study and in-vitro drug release. Treatment of in-vitro data to different kinetic equations indicated diffusion controlled drug delivery from gellan gum microspheres. The results of DSC and XRD studies revealed molecular amorphous dispersion of ondansetron into the gellan gum microspheres.
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