Polysaccharide-Based Polymers in Cosmetics
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber in Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
In one application, EHEC plays a role in the delivery of therapeutics to the eye (167). When an EHEC solution with a particular active is administered to the ocular surface, the salts and warmth of the eye cause the polysaccharide solution to thicken or gel. This reduces the cleansing effect of natural tearing and enhances the drug’s residence time on the ocular surface. Nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is one of the oldest-known modified cellulose derivatives . It is manufactured by treating cellulose pulp with a combination of nitric and sulfuric acids. Treatment with this acid combination creates nitrate esters on the cellulose hydroxyl groups (Fig. 39). Levels of commercial nitration are extremely critical because cellulose, nitrated to levels greater than nitrogen, is commercially used as an explosive. Between 11 and nitrogen, cellulose is soluble in various organics including many alcohols, ketones, and aromatic solvents.
The Toxic Environment and Its Medical Implications with Special Emphasis on Smoke Inhalation
Jacob Loke in Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The toxic effects of thermodecomposition products of nitrocellulose roentgenographic film and plastics were recognized at the Clevelend Clinic Radiology Department fire in 1929 (Nichols, 1930) and at the Boston-Cocoanut Grove night club fire in 1942 (Mallory and Brickley, 1943). Toxic gases liberated with the combustion of nitrocellulose film include carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen cyanide (Nichols, 1930). Since World War II, there has been a tremendous increase in the production and use of synthetic plastics and resins over natural materials. The toxic gases produced depend on the types of plastic polymers being pyrolyzed or burned (Zapp, 1962; MacFarland and Leong, 1962). Critical are the thermochemistry and kinetics of the particular plastic polymer. With the pyrolysis and combustion of polyurethane, for example, hydrogen cyanide will be produced (Mohler, 1975; Terrill et al., 1978; Levin et ah, 1985b), while the combustion of polyvinyl chloride causes the release of hydrogen chloride (Dyer and Esch, 1976).
Nail Product Rheology
Laba Dennis in Rheological Proper ties of Cosmetics and Toiletries, 2017
Nitrocellulose, known chemically as cellulose nitrate, is the reaction product between cellulose obtained from either wood pulp or cotton linters and nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid. It appears as a white, fluffy, fibrous (sometimes cubed) substance and is composed of several hundred to several thousand B-anhydroglucose units connected by ether linkages. The viscosity is controlled during the digestion phase at 150-170°C, after the product has been washed. The nitrocellulose is then dewatered and damped with a nonsolvent (3). Figure 5 shows the composition of cellulose and the structure of nitrocellulose.
Development of an intelligent knowledge base for identification of accident causes based on Fu et al.’s model
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
• Accident 4: a chemical explosion [15]. A dangerous chemical warehouse in the Ruihai Company was hit by a fire caused by spontaneous firing of nitrocellulose in the containers. Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable, explosive chemical that slowly decomposes at room temperature and produces heat. Forklift drivers did not use care while transporting and storing these nitrocellulose containers, causing them to open by breaking. Poor ventilation in the container caused heat accumulation and the initial fire started when the nitrocellulose reached its spontaneous ignition temperature. The fire spread to nearby containers and caused an explosion. Due to the fire and shock wave emitted from the first explosion, a powerful explosion occurred, and this catastrophic accident resulted in 165 deaths, 798 injuries and eight people missing.
An Improved Ocular Impression Cytology Method: Quantitative Cell Transfer to Microscope Slides Using a Novel Polymer
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Adam Master, Wei Huang, Liqun Huang, Robert Honkanen, Basil Rigas
All general solvents and reagents were of HPLC grade or of the highest grade commercially available. Nitrocellulose membranes: mixed cellulose nitrate and acetate esters, 0.22 µm pore size, (cat. no. GSTF14250, Millipore Corp. Bedford, MA). Glutaraldehyde 50% aqueous solution (16320, Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA). Bovine collagen type I 5 mg/mL (A1064401, Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA). Reagents: Sodium metasulfite (161519), Ponceau S (141194), ethanol (T038181000), 1-butanol (B7906), poly-L-lysine 0.1% (w/v) in H2O (P8920), polyethylenimine branched Mn~10,000 (408727), polyethylene glycol 400 (202398), periodic Acid-Schiff PAS kit (395B), hematoxylin (HHS16) and eosin (HT110316), Rhodamine B isothiocyanate 283924 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (46950) were from Sigma (St Louis, MO). VECTASHIELD® Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI (H-1500, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). S100A8/9 antibody (48M7C7, Norvus, St Louis, MO). ATF4 (11815, Cell Signalling, Beverly, MA). NFAT5 antibody (GTX23446, GeneTex). Antibodies: CD11b/ITGAM (ab133357, Abcam, Cambridge, MA). HRP-anti-rabbit IgG (ab7090), HRP-anti-mouse (ab47827), FITC-anti-rabbit (ab6717), FITC-anti-mouse (ab6785), Texas Red anti-mouse (ab6787), Texas Red anti-rabbit (ab6719) antibodies, as well as goat IgG (ab37373), rabbit IgG (ab37415) and mouse IgG (ab37355) Isotype controls were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Histostain Plus Bulk kit (85–8943, Invitrogen, Frederick, MD). In all instances, we used the antibody dilutions recommended by their respective manufacturers; they ranged between 1:200 and 1:2,000.
Current techniques to accurately measure anti-retinal autoantibodies
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2020
The line-blot method enables the identification of IgG-class AAbs found in patients’ sera. The strips containing parallel lines of highly purified and recombinant human proteins are incubated in diluted serum (1:100 with buffer). After washing, anti-human IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase is used and then a color reaction is produced with phosphatase substrate. The availability of line-blot methods and the use of recombinant antigens make application, interpretation, and standardization easier. Considering that the line-blot method showed higher sensitivity and less background staining compared to the other methods, we recommend that this method should be the method of choice in searching for autoimmune and paraneoplastic AAbs. The benefits of this methodology include the exceptional stability of the antigens on nitrocellulose and the simplicity of their storage. The format of the line-blot assay may also be particularly useful for screening the many antigens that might be considered in cases with nonspecific or atypical clinical presentations.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cellulose
- Halite
- Hemicellulose
- Lignin
- Nitric Acid
- Propellant
- Sulfuric Acid
- Collodion
- Pentosan
- Nitro Compound