Lifestyle and Diet
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Mothballs are sold as small white balls containing 99.9% either of naphthalene or paradichlorobenzene (PDCB), both of which become a gas with pungent odor when exposed to air. Mothballs are used to repel moths in clothing and stored carpets and to keep pests out of the house (170). The majority of exposure to naphthalene in the environment occurs through inhalation, while other pathways such as dermal contact and ingestion are rare. Naphthalene is recently classified as a possible human carcinogen (171–172). Naphthalene exposure can cause hemolytic anemia due to destruction of red blood cells with apparition of jaundice and pallor. It is also neurotoxic. Small children may eat mothballs, thinking them candy (170). Para-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) is another ingredient of mothballs used as deodorizers and fumigants. PDCB toxicity can affect liver, kidneys, skin, lungs, and the central nervous system (CNS). Chronic toxicity of PDCB often results in leukoencephalopathy, ataxia, and heterogeneous neurological manifestations (173–175). Mothballs containing either PDCB or naphthalene, can cause cancer in animals, and are potential human carcinogens (170–172). So, be careful when using mothballs as moth or pest repellents. Due to the toxicity of naphthalene and para-dichlorobenzene, avoid the use of mothballs if you have a chronic disease, or infants and children in the house. Replace mothballs by cedar chips (170).
Eichhornia crassipes: Shedding Light on its Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Industrial Uses
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
E. crassipes was effective for purifying wastewater from an extensive duck ranch during the water hyacinth developing season, as water hyacinth had a great role as duck feed. It also positively affects its quality and increases the eggshell thickness as well (Lu et al. 2008). It upgrades the expulsion of contaminants through their utilization as supplements by their rhizospheric microscopic organisms causing reduction of naphthalene (a polyaromatic hydrocarbon) present in wastewater and wetlands (Nesterenko-Malkovskaya et al. 2012). It can also be used as a natural fertilizer for Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) hatchlings in lakes. It is very modest and effectively accessible, and might be advantageously used to upgrade fish yield in lakes (Sipauba-Tavares and Braga 2007).
Naphthoquinone Constituents of Anticancer Terrestrial Plants
Spyridon E. Kintzios, Maria G. Barberaki, Evangelia A. Flampouri in Plants That Fight Cancer, 2019
The naturally occurring naphthoquinones are a class of phenolic compounds with a conjugated diketone moiety on their naphthalene skeletons. As small molecules, they are widely distributed in nature and have a variety of pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antipyretic activities. Their striking antitumor activity has been the focus of a great deal of research works, and several natural naphthoquinones were recognized as promising lead compounds in the discovery of new anticancer drug candidates. According to the structural similarity of the parent skeletons, these naturally occurring naphthoquinones were categorized into the following three groups shown in Figure 4.1: naphthazarines (1), 1,4-naphthoquinones (2), and 1,2-naphthoquinones (3). Basic structural templates of natural naphthoquinones.
The association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and atopic triad by age and body weight in the US population
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Sooyoung Kim, Kathryn A. Carson, Anna L. Chien
1-NAP comprises the largest proportion of all PAH metabolites. Naphthalene metabolizes to 1-NAP which is commonly emitted from household products such as deodorizers, insecticides, and carpeting as well as cigarette smoke, vehicle exhaust, and fireplaces (17). Moreover, naphthalene is classified as a class 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (17). We found that 1-NAP increased the risk of wheezing in children and adults as well as increased the risk of sneezing in children. The associations of 1-NAP on wheezing and sneezing, especially in children, imply non-occupational exposure to naphthalene in daily life. Naphthalene exposure occurs almost exclusively by inhalation, with approximately 2% in the particulate phase serving as a surrogate marker of air pollution (18). Careful investigation of daily life exposure (i.e. secondhand smoke) to naphthalene, especially in children, is warranted.
Placental levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their association with birth weight of infants
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Priyanka Agarwal, Madhu Anand, Paromita Chakraborty, Laxmi Singh, Jamson Masih, Ajay Taneja
In addition to this, the abundance of BaA, BbF and BaP in placenta samples signifies exposure to vehicular pollution of the pregnant population, since HMW carcinogenic PAHs are generally regarded as tracers of motor vehicle exhausts (Simoneit 1985, Dickhut et al.2000). Similarly, the present study focuses on the patterns dominated by naphthalene and HMW PAHs (such as BaP and DahA); signifying the source of origin of PAHs from gasoline combustion sources (Miguel et al.1998, Valle et al.2007). Thus, in addition to the diet considered to be the major source of exposure to PAHs (Phillips 1999) the type of cooking source and emissions from motor vehicles may also be responsible for the presence of PAHs in the study population. Additionally, tobacco smoke is the major source of human exposure to PAHs and varies according to the type of cigarette and individual’s smoking behavior (Goldman et al.2001). The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Machine method showed that the daily PAHs exposure for a smoker was about 1–30 µg/day/packet of cigarettes (Hoffmann and Hoffmann 1997). However, there are too few smokers in the current study to make a substantial inference.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiazole-naphthalene derivatives as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerisation inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Guangcheng Wang, Wenjing Liu, Meiyan Fan, Min He, Yongjun Li, Zhiyun Peng
On the other hand, naphthalene is a prominent core structure in many anticancer agents. A number of naphthalene derivatives have been reported as potent inhibitors of tubulin (Figure 1, V–VIII)22–25. Such as Maya et al. reported the synthesis of a series of new naphthalene analogues of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) and the most cytotoxic naphthalene analogues V exerted tubulin polymerisation inhibition activity and arrest cell cycle in G2/M phase in human cancer cells25. Based on the lead compound HMNC-74, we synthesised a series of new naphthalene-chalcone derivatives and evaluated their anticancer activity. Among them, compound IV was the most potent tubulin polymerisation inhibitor with an IC50 value of 8.4 μM23. Recently, we have also reported a new series of benzophenone derivatives bearing naphthalene moiety, and compound VII displayed potent antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines by targeting tubulin colchicine binding site24. Furthermore, we also designed a new series of chalcones containing naphthalene moiety (VIII) based on natural tubulin inhibitor millepachine22,26.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Aromaticity
- Benzene
- Coal Tar
- Distillation
- Naphtha
- Organic Chemistry
- Organic Compound
- Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
- Parts-Per Notation
- Mothball