An Overview of Molecular Nutrition
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Once in the stomach, gastric lipase, amongst other digestive enzymes, is released. However, gastric lipase is responsible for only the initial and minimal breakdown of ingested fats. The large majority of fat digestion does not occur in the stomach, but later on in the small intestine. Once released from the food matrix, fat is now bound to bile salts to undergo its main form of digestion in the small intestine. Pancreatic lipase works to break down triglyceride fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids. The efficient activity of the lipase is dependent on the presence of bile salts on fat droplets. Multiple bile salts with the complexed triglyceride components spontaneously form micelles. Micelles then enter enterocytes where the bile is broken down and chylomicrons are packaged and extruded from the basolateral enterocyte wall to enter the lymphatics. This is the mechanism for absorption of triglycerides which represent 90% of dietary fat. Dietary cholesterol undergoes a similar process except it requires a transport protein in order to enter the enterocyte. Lastly, MCTs, such as coconut oil, when extruded from the enterocyte go directly into the blood stream, by passing the lymphatic system. Therefore, MCTs are suspected of having a favorable metabolic profile.
Chemistry and Biology of Monoglycerides in Cosmetic Formulations
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Monoesters of saturated fatty acids are important for use in cosmetic preparation even though the highly purified glycerides are somewhat expensive. While monoglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids have unique properties, it is only the form of the double bond that is biologically active. In large-scale commercial production of unsaturated monoglycerides, some trans form of the unsaturated fatty acids becomes evident. Saturated fatty acids obtained from animal or vegetable fats (C14, C16, C18) predominate, with glycerol monostearate being the most popular.
Introduction
Margit Hamosh in Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Glycerides and nonphosphorus-containing lipids which result from the esterification of glycerol and fatty acids (Figure 1). Three forms occur in nature. Triglycerides (neutral fat) are the most abundant lipids in animal tissue and serve as an important energy source. All three of the carbon molecules of glycerol are sterified with fatty acids. Monoglycerides and diglycerides are compounds resulting from ester links between glycerol and one or two fatty acids.
Antimicrobial lipids in nano-carriers for antibacterial delivery
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Qianyu Zhang, Wen Wu, Jinqiang Zhang, Xuefeng Xia
Monoglycerides are composed of a glycerol linked to a fatty acid via an ester bond. They are primarily used as surfactants and emulsifiers due to their amphiphilic structure. Their antimicrobial capacity was usually compared with free fatty acids, and the results seemed to vary based on different bacterial species, incubation time, temperature, pH and constituent of the culture medium [63]. According to the results, monocaprin and monolaurin are two of the most potent antimicrobial monoglycerides and their activity have been investigated against a wide variety of microbes [9,25–27,47]. They have been formulated into micro-emulsions for antibacterial and anti-fungal applications in food preserving [43,64–68]. For some of them the micro-emulsion droplet sizes fall into the nanometre range. Petra et al. formulated 1-monoacylglycerol (1-MAG) micro-emulsions of capric, undecanoic, lauric and myristic acids which were effective against several bacterial species and stable over a 6-month storage with particle sizes around 10–20 nm [68]. They mentioned that the antibacterial effect could be assigned to synergic action of Tween 80, ethanol and 1-monoacylglycerides in the micro-emulsions. Microbicidal hydrogels with monocaprin have also been developed, most of which were devised for topical intravaginal delivery for the inhibition of sexually transmitted pathogens [69–73].
Development of self-microemulsifying lipid-based formulations of trans-resveratrol by systematically constructing lipid-surfactant-water phase diagrams using long-chain lipids
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Carolina Aloisio, Ankita V. Shah, Marcela Longhi, Abu T. M. Serajuddin
In the present investigation, it was observed that using only cod liver oil, a LC triglyceride, with a surfactant would not lead to the formation of microemulsion. It is essential that a monoglyceride should also be present in the system along with the triglyceride. This is in agreement with the development of cyclosporine A formulations mentioned earlier, where Sandimmune® containing the triglyceride of long chain fatty acids formed crude emulsion while Neoral® containing mixtures of mono- and di-glycerides resulted in microemulsion. The possible mechanism of the effect of monoglyceride may be analogous to what was observed with medium chain lipids, where Prajapati et al. [28] postulated that the monoglyceride participates with the surfactant in forming a curvature surrounding oil globules in microemulsions. The results of the present investigation also demonstrate that all surfactants do not behave similarly (e.g. Kolliphor RH 40 vs. Tween 80) in providing phase diagrams and microemulsions with long chain lipids and, therefore, careful studies would be necessary in selecting surfactants for the systems.
Lycopene solid lipid microparticles with enhanced effect on gingival crevicular fluid protein carbonyl as a biomarker of oxidative stress in patients with chronic periodontitis
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2019
Maie S. Tawfik, Khaled A. Abdel-Ghaffar, Ahmed Y. Gamal, Fatma H. El-Demerdash, Heba A. Gad
Increasing the lipid ratio from 20 to 30 in the preparation of SLMs resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.05) in particle size. However, increase lipid ratio from 30 to 40 and 60 resulted in a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in PS. The highest investigated ratio of 100 resulted in marked increase in both PS and SI (Table 1). The obtained results may be explained by the high degree of interaction of monoglycerides with water. According to previous work, lipids may be classified by their interaction with water. Monoglycerides belong to the group of polar lipids, in the presence of water; these lipids swell and reorganize into the aqueous–organic interface, increasing their surfactant properties (Jensen et al. 2010). LP-SLMs show zeta potential values from −35.89 ± 2.11 to −50.12 ± 4.15 mV, which indicates good physical stability according to the theory of Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey– Overbeek (DLVO). The DLVO theory stated that electrostatic repulsive forces between particles which are donated by high zeta potential values (>|30| mV), result in less particle aggregation (Souto et al. 2004, Gabal et al. 2014).