Functions of Glycerine in Cosmetics
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
The work so far in this section uses glycerine in a preapplied formula. Two additional reports described its usefulness when used concurrently with the irritant, as well as when used for postexposure decontamination. In the first case, 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate was tested for irritation on 54 women with and without the addition of 5% glycerine [76]. In the cases where glycerine was used, the cases of irritation dropped from 19% to 7% of the women tested. In the second case, glycerine has been shown to be useful in decontaminating skin exposed to phenolic substances [77]. Rats were given a percutaneous exposure to undiluted phenol and swabbed with water, or methylated spirits, or glycerine, or polyethyleneglycol. The latter two materials were much more effective at reducing mortality and convulsions than either water or methylated spirits. This result is in keeping with the use of glycerine as an essential ingredient of phenol eardrops, as it is well known that it reduces the irritation of phenol to the skin.
Behavior to Prevent Pressure Sores
J G Webster in Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Besides reduced mobility, geriatric patients are also prone to have bowel and/or bladder incontinence which in addition to the risk associated with moisture brings in the dangers of skin irritation and infection. It is therefore recommended that skin be washed during normal baths and at other times if there has been incontinence. Too frequent washing should be avoided since it removes the skin’s surface liquids. In addition, alcohol and methylated spirits cause vasoconstriction in already ischemic areas and may increase the possibility of developing a pressure sore. Barrier substances such as oil, silicone or zinc base may be useful for patients who are incontinent and require frequent washing. A better way to avoid the dangers of urinary incontinence is through the use of external catheters for males or urinary collection devices for women. Fecal incontinence collectors can be used for patients with bowel incontinence. Toileting schedules is still another alternative. These alternatives should be weighed according to the cost and staff availability.
Clinical Toxicology of Marine Coelenterate Injuries
Jürg Meier, Julian White in Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Prior to 1980 it was generally believed that nematocyst inhibition was a relatively straightforward matter. The liberal application of alcohol (e.g. “methylated spirits"36) to all fresh box jellyfish (and many other) stings was customary. However even at that time, a large range of different substances was in use for this purpose around the world (including vinegar, paw paw juice, human urine, meat tenderiser, ammonia, local plant extracts and “oily substances”2) and commercial interest was attracted38,40. Hartwick and colleagues showed the efficacy of 2–10% acetic acid in water as an effective nematocyst inhibitor in chirodropids38, and subsequent work has verified this - in the form of household vinegar (4–6% acetic acid in water) - as the inhibitor of choice for all cubozoans (box jellyfish)27,41. However similar experiments with other coelenterate genera quickly produced confusing and conflicting results, and not a little public confusion27,42. It is now appreciated that in the past, and even the present, properly controlled scientific assessment of many substances claimed as effective nematocyst inhibitors is lacking, and that contrary to initial perceptions, nematocyst function is a complex matter; nematocyst inhibition may prove to be partly species-specific29. Substance evaluation is profoundly complicated by the placebo effect (many seriously affected envenomation victims are children7,43), and by the tendency of lay persons continually to confuse nematocyst inhibition with pain relief (see below). This is an important research frontier.
Unintended consequences of local alcohol restrictions in rural Alaska
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2018
“They must be real desperate,” the woman said to me as she shook her head. She was talking about substance misuse in her community in Alaska and how people sometimes ingest Lysol disinfectant spray to get drunk. The thought of ingesting disinfectant spray was repugnant and almost unbelievable to her, but she wanted to communicate that she understood the desperation of addiction. She was one of the first community members to share perspectives on inhalant use in rural Alaska as part of a federally funded study to test community approaches to prevent misuse among youth. But residents also wanted to testify about the local misuse, primarily by adults, of denatured alcohol when food-grade alcohol is difficult to obtain in communities that have passed local option restrictions. Denatured alcohol by definition has been made unsuitable for human consumption with the addition of chemicals. Due to community input, products containing denatured alcohol became an additional focus of the study beyond inhalants. Despite the fact that the study’s concentration on youth precluded a deeper inquiry into the misuse of surrogate alcohol among adults in communities with local option restrictions in Alaska, 68 initial project interviews with 72 key leaders in eight communities in the northwest of the state where most communities have enacted alcohol restrictions did illuminate patterns of legal, illegal, and legally ambiguous alcohol use in the region.
Nature and sources of poisoning in patients admitted to a referral hospital in Gaborone, Botswana; findings and implications
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Bontle Mbongwe, Jacqueline Moinami, Tiny Masupe, Roy Tapera, Tshenkego Molefe, Patience Erick, Brian Godman, Amos Massele
Six patients died from poisoning giving a mortality rate of 1.5%. Half the deaths (n = 3) were from ingestion of household chemicals namely white vinegar, methylated spirit and battery acid. One death from acute chemical pneumonitis as a result of ingesting white vinegar occurred in a one-year male infant who was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and intubated. An overdose from traditional medicines resulted in the death of one male in the age-group 13–19 years, who was referred from a clinic to PMH. Two females died in the age groups 20–30 years and 40–49 years from illicit drugs (cocaine overdose) and methylated spirit respectively. A male patient died from ingestion of battery acid in the age-group 20–30 years. One death in the age group 30–40 years occurred from unspecified alcohol intoxication. No death was recorded in the age group 51 years and above.
Exposure to hand sanitisers and other cleaning products in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Alice Norvill, Rohan A. Elliott, Anselm Wong
This was a retrospective observational study. A search of the VPIC database was conducted for the period between 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2020. This covers the year prior to when COVID-19 cases were first reported in Australia and the first 12 months of the pandemic. When a call is made to the VPIC, relevant information about the case, including the substance(s) involved, is entered by a Specialist in Poisons Information (SPI). Categories of substances included in the search were topical antiseptics, disinfectants, bleach, multipurpose cleaners and other alcohol-based products such as methylated spirits, which may be used in place of commercial sanitisers. Alcohol-based hand sanitisers are coded under the category of ‘topical antiseptics’ in the VPIC database. A random sample of cases from 2019 and 2020 found that 89% cases coded under this category related to hand sanitiser, and this was consistent across the two years, so when the term ‘topical antiseptic’ is used in the manuscript, it mainly refers to alcohol-based hand sanitiser.
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