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Introduction
Published in Linda M. Castell, Samantha J. Stear (Nottingham), Louise M. Burke, Nutritional Supplements in Sport, Exercise and Health, 2015
Samantha J. Stear, Hans Braun, Kevin Currell
As the manufacturers of such products also produce other DS, the risk of cross-contamination is very high. Therefore it is not surprising that, in 2005, vitamin C, multi-vitamins and magnesium tablets containing metandienone or stanozolol were confiscated, with suggestions the contamination came through badly cleaned production lines (Geyer et al., 2006). Again this is not just an issue for anti-doping, but also has potential health risks for young people, females and pregnant women.
Medical Consequences of Anabolic Steroids
Published in John Brick, Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
James Langenbucher, Thomas Hildebrandt, Sasha J. Carr
Animal studies have demonstrated the harmful effects of AAS on the liver, including impaired excretion function, cholestasis, peliosis hepatis, and liver cancer. These results from animal research have raised concerns that patients treated with AAS and individuals who self-administer these drugs at high doses are subject to liver damage (Bronson and Matherne, 1992; Ishak, 1981). In addition, a number of case studies have reported the occurrence of liver disorders (principally transient and fairly mild elevation in transamenase levels) in young, healthy athletes who used AAS (Cabasso, 1994; Creagh, Rubin, and Evans, 1988). However, it should be realized that most other orally administered medications have similar effects on the liver and that, in the case of anabolic steroids, these effects are associated only with the use of 17-α-alkylated steroids, a particular subset of orally administered AAS that are less aromatizable and thus sought after by some users wishing to avoid the androgenic effects related to excess estrogen. AAS in this group include methyltestosterone, oxymetholone, fluoxymesterone, norethandrolone, and metandienone.
Stimulation of Endogenous Fibrinolysis
Published in Cornelis Kluft, Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA): Physiological and Clinical Aspects, 1988
Gordon D. O. Lowe, Michael Small
The fibrinolytic enhancing effect of stanozolol and ethylestrenol appears to depend on their 17 α-alkyl group. Other 17 α-alkyl steroids which stimulate fibrinolysis, at least in the short term, include norethandrolone, methandienone, methylandrostenediol, and oxy-metholone;196,197 similar effects were recently observed with danazol198,199 and Org OD14.200 In contrast, the non-17 α-alkyl steroids, methenolone acetate197 and mesterolone,201 did not enhance fibrinolysis in the short term. Interestingly, administration of the latter drug for its androgenic effects to otherwise healthy young men has been associated with spontaneous deep vein thrombosis in a small number of cases,201 although no short-term prothrombotic changes were seen in a volunteer study.201
An overview on performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) confiscated in Italy in the period 2017–2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Sara Odoardi, Serena Mestria, Giulia Biosa, Valeria Valentini, Sofia Federici, Sabina Strano Rossi
The analytical results demonstrated many qualitative and quantitative discrepancies with what was reported on the labels, in agreement with other authors’ findings [13,20–22]. The compound declared was in some cases replaced with a similar one, such as a different steroid ester, for example, testosterone cypionate instead of testosterone enanthate, or a substance belonging to the same class, for example, methandienone replacing oxandrolone. In other samples, the label was completely misleading. This was the case, for example, of some capsules in which the presence of aspirin was declared along with the stimulant drugs ephedrine and caffeine, where acetylsalicylic acid was replaced with sildenafil; another preparation claiming to contain only natural herbal extracts, contained instead sildenafil and thiosildenafil. In other cases, the label on the tablets reported that they contained oxandrolone, while more than 50% of them, in the same package, contained methenolone enanthate. Some preparations consisted of a mixture of active ingredients, from two up to thirteen compounds identified, instead of the single one declared; these products appeared to be contaminated with traces of other drugs.
Anabolic-androgenic steroids: procurement and administration practices of doping athletes
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Julius Fink, Brad Jon Schoenfeld, Anthony C. Hackney, Masahito Matsumoto, Takahiro Maekawa, Koichi Nakazato, Shigeo Horie
According to a survey by Weber et al., testosterone, especially the enanthate ester, seems to be the most popular drug on the black market, followed by methandienone, stanozol, nandrolone, oxandrolone, boldenone, mesterolone, trenbolone, oxymetholone and methenolone [9]. Another survey showed similar prevalence for certain AAS on the black market: Testosterone (78.2%), methandienone (64.9%), nandrolone decanoate (63.5%), stanozolol (56%), boldenone undecanoate (53.9%), Trenbolone (51.3%), oxymetholone (37.7%), oxandrolone (37%), methenolone (28.2%), methyltestosterone (26.1%), drostanolone (20%) and fluoxymesterone (19.4%) [3]. In addition to AAS approved for human use, several unapproved forms of AAS intended for animal use are popular amongst athletes (Table 1). From the data of a recent study investigating the Google search trends with regard to AAS, seasonal fluctuations for several AAS have been observed [11]. For instance, ‘hardening’ agents (i.e. AAS thought to decrease body fat while increasing muscle mass without water retention) used by bodybuilders pre-contest such as oxandrolone, trenbolone and stanazolol show peaks during pre-contest/contest season (spring/summer), whereas compounds used year-round such as testosterone do not show such seasonal trends [11].