siRNA Delivery for Therapeutic Applications Using Nanoparticles
Yashwant Pathak in Gene Delivery, 2022
Many metal oxide particles, especially iron oxide particles, have taken the spotlight due to their unique characteristics. In addition to the fact that these nanoparticles can be used for bio-imaging, have excellent cellular absorption, and are stable and modifiable like other metal-based nanoparticles, they have the distinguishing feature of thermal activation that is also shared with gold nanoparticles. Iron oxide particles can be used to heat the tumors to lethal temperatures, causing the coagulative necrosis of tumor cells upon the application of alternating magnetic fields. Furthermore, SPIO nanoparticles were reported to be perfect candidates for future siRNA therapies for many diseases, including lung cancer, given their strong contrast (i.e., MRI signal) and their unique magnetic properties that allow them to be guided using an external magnetic field to accumulate in the tumor sites. Magnetic targeting can improve both the delivery of siRNA and/or therapeutic compounds (i.e., chemotherapeutic drugs) to improve cancer treatment. We have previously reported that targeting of intravenously injected SPIO nanoparticles to the lung was proved to be enhanced when using external high-energy magnets positioned over a specific region of the lung. This approach was further elaborated in another study in which the use of high-energy magnets offered improved theragnostic effect of Doxorubicin-loaded iron-tagged nanocarriers, by magnetically targeting them towards metastatic tumor sites in the lungs [44–48].
Cancer Nanotheranostics
Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi in Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Phytonanotechnology or green bionanotechnology involves metallic nanoparticle synthesis using phytochemicals extracted from plant extracts and biomolecules as a green synthesis method. The utilized metals and/or metal oxides include silver, gold, titanium, iron, zinc, copper, zinc oxide and copper oxide (Patra and Baek, 2014; Barabadi et al., 2017; Nagajyothi et al., 2017; Umar et al., 2019). This eco-friendly biosynthetic procedure promises to offer the next generation of cancer therapy that are effective and inexpensive with minimal toxicity (Aromal and Philip, 2012; Barabadi et al., 2017; Mufamadi and Mulaudzi, 2019; Mufamadi et al., 2019). The unique structural, therapeutic and optical properties of silver and gold nanomaterials make them suitable candidates for cancer nanotheranostics applications (Pietro et al., 2016). The aim of this chapter is to understand the weaknesses and strengths of green bionanotechnology in cancer theranostics. This chapter will highlight the recent research advances related to plant-mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles for early detection of cancer, therapy and theranostics. This chapter will also look at the opportunities and challenges of using different plant sources as enabling tools towards the production of safer metallic nanoparticles for cancer treatment, imaging and nanotheranostics.
Inorganic Particulates in Human Lung: Relationship to the Inflammatory Response
William S. Lynn in Inflammatory Cells and Lung Disease, 2019
Metal oxides in the form of fumes may be deposited in the lungs of individuals with certain occupational or environmental exposure. These particles are usually within the range of 0.1 to 1.0 µ in maximum diameter.9 Deposition of metal fumes within the lung parenchyma has been associated with both acute and chronic pulmonary disease, and reported instances of the latter have included a wide range of tissue reactions: non-caseating granulomata in individuals with exposure to oxides of beryllium and aluminum,9, 89, 134 interstitial fibrosis in individuals with exposure to beryllium or aluminum oxides,89, 135 and desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in an individual with exposure to aluminum oxide.136 Other metallic oxides, such as titanium oxide,28, 89 tin oxide,89 and ferric oxide,14, 89 appear to be relatively inert. This range of tissue reactions suggests that host factors may be important in both the type and severity of response. Nevertheless, despite extensive studies (especially with regard to beryllium), the mechanism of toxicity of these various metal oxides is unknown.9
Genotoxicity induced by metal oxide nanoparticles: a weight of evidence study and effect of particle surface and electronic properties
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Azadi Golbamaki, Nazanin Golbamaki, Natalia Sizochenko, Bakhtiyor Rasulev, Jerzy Leszczynski, Emilio Benfenati
In the present study, the following metal oxide NM with different chemical core compositions were investigated: Al2O3, NiO, Co3O4, CuO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, V2O3, V2O5, MgO, ZrO2, CeO2, and Bi2O3. In addition, SiO2 was also considered since in nanotoxicology SiO2 is also treated to some extent as a metal oxide (Landsiedel et al. 2009), since silicon has intermediate properties between metal and nonmetal and technically is a metalloid (Vernon 2013). Only studies of metal oxide NM that were referring to the in vitro comet assay or its variations as in Singh et al. (1988) were considered.
Glioblastoma U-87MG tumour cells suppressed by ZnO folic acid-conjugated nanoparticles: an in vitro study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Zahra Hamod Marfavi, Mona Farhadi, Seyed Behnamedin Jameie, Masoomeh Zahmatkeshan, Vahid Pirhajati, Manasadat Jameie
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a metal oxide with a significantly small size less than many other organic materials. This material is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products [9]. In addition, ZnO has the photocatalytic ability and photo-oxidizing capacity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells [10–13]. By using multifunctional nanoplatforms, ZnO bombards malignant cells from the outside through the external release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [14]. Therapeutic benefits of the conjugated form of ZnO have been recently of potential medical interest [15]. Folic acid is a member of vitamin B family and plays an important role in health and disease. Among the known conjugation agents, folic acid has attracted more attention since it is essential for metabolism and biosynthesis of cellular pathways (e.g. purine and methionine) as a part of the enzymatic co-system for DNA and amino acids [16]. Moreover, folic acid has a high affinity for cancer cell receptors as a ligand and is very effective in intracellular activity [17,18]. This compound is able to control the size of nanoparticles using its surface density. In addition, it can easily bind to folate receptors [15]. Due to the existence of folate receptors in cancer cells, folic acid is specifically used to detect cancerous cells [19]. Accordingly, it seems that the conjugated form of ZnO might have more therapeutic effects on certain cancers. In order to examine this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to assess the effects of folic acid-ZnO NPs on GBM cell lines.
Assessment of the dose-dependent biochemical and cytotoxicity of zein-coated MgO nanowires in male and female albino rats
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Ghada H. Naguib, Gamal S. Abd El-Aziz, Hisham A. Mously, Sahar M. Bukhary, Mohamed T. Hamed
Amongst the prominent metal oxides NPs, magnesium oxide (MgO) NPs have drawn broad scientific concerns because it is simply synthesized and chemically stable compound. MgO NPs are globally used in multiple fields including the therapeutic field [7] where they are utilized as an antacid, detoxifying preparation, and biomolecular diagnostics in addition to their significant bactericidal action and tumour inhibition [8–10]. However, with their increased application in daily life, their toxic effect on the environment and human health is of concern [11]. Some in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies performed on MgO NPs have documented its toxic effect where an investigation demonstrated that treatment of human cardiac endothelial cells with MgO NPs, resulted in a time and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity [12]. In another study, intratracheal instillation of MgO NPs to the rat lungs resulted in a dose-dependent increase in lung tissue destruction markers and histopathology [13]. Also, it was reported that oral administration of high concentrations of MgO NPs in female albino rats resulted in significant DNA destruction and increased levels of kidney and liver markers enzymes. The authors attributed these biochemical alterations to Mg accumulation in the liver and kidney tissues [14].
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