Plant Source Foods
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Resveratrol (3,4’,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a polyphenolic antioxidant, and has been reported to protect cardiovascular and nervous systems, prevent cancer, improve diabetes, and extend lifespan. Resveratrol is only found in different red or black grape varieties, primarily in their skins and seeds. For example, levels of resveratrol in skins and seeds of muscadine grapes are about one hundred times higher than those in pulp (78). Resveratrol in fruit is more potent than its supplement because its bioavailability (absorption) in red grape is higher than that of its supplement. Tannins, including the monomeric catechins, are present in the skin and seed tissues but nearly absent in the flesh (78). Grapes also contain tartaric acid and malic acid. Tartaric acid is accumulated during the initial stages of berry development and its concentration is highest at the periphery of the developing berry. By contrast, malic acid is accumulated in the flesh cells at the end of the first growth phase. These acids confer acidity to the wine, and are therefore critical to its quality (78). Flavor that builds in grapes is mostly the result of the acid/sugar balance and the synthesis of flavor and aromatic compounds (78). Briefly, red grapes and red wines are better than white grapes and white wines in the prevention of CVDs and cancer, due to numerous polyphenol antioxidants cited above. The quality of a wine depends on the variety of the vine, its cultivation mode, and its environment.
Catalog of Herbs
James A. Duke in Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Per 100 g, the fruit is reported to contain 30 calories, 91.7 g H2O, 0.5 g protein, 0.1 g fat, 7.5 g total carbohydrate, 0.5 g fiber, 0.2 g ash, 6 mg Ca, 19 mg P, 0.1 mg Fe, 0.03 mg thiamine, 0.05 mg riboflavin, 0.2 mg niacin, and 68 mg ascorbic acid. The seed is reported to contain 604 calories, 3.9 g H2O, 24.6 g protein, 57.5 g fat, 9.2 g total carbohydrate, 2.7 g fiber, 4.8 g ash, 143 mg Ca, 1248 mg P, 0.4 mg Fe, 0.04 mg thiamine, 0.12 mg riboflavin, 0.7 mg niacin. Bark contains 3.5 to 10% tannin, leaves 20% tannin, a trace of alkaloids, and 10% gum. Fruits contain citric and malic acid, sugar, and 54 mg vitamin C per 100 g. Seed oil (53 to 60%) contains circa 55 to 70% oleic acid.33 The pattern of the amino acids (particularly rich in arginine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid) in the mean differ only slightly from that in human milk and eggs.
Rhubarb
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Organic acids play an important role in the plant’s growth, such as structure of cell wall, phosphates store as well as building blocks for the formation of lignin. The content of organic acid in rhubarb determines the color, appearance and smell of the food prepared. Rhubarb species comprises several organic acids (Maeda 1964). Malic acid (267) is predominant in all the varieties of rhubarb, while citric acid (263) and oxalic acid (268) are present in smaller quantities (Salunkhe et al. 1991). Large quantities of oxalic acid (268) are present in the plants of Polygonaceae family making them inedible. The content of oxalic acid (268) present in rhubarb is approximately 40–50 mg/100 g (Bennet-clark 1937). Oxalic acid (268) content in Indian rhubarb was found to be 1.34% (Chopra et al. 1978).
The efficiency and mechanism of a new absorption enhancer, malic acid, for enhancing the oral bioavailability of docetaxel
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Xin Hong Guo, Fang Ding, Xinjie Lian, Weiwei Cui, Zhi Li, Yabing Xing
Absorption enhancers such as chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan are often modified physically or chemically as nanocarrier materials to promote intercellular drug transport (Chen et al. 2013; Ni et al. 2016). However, few studies have investigated absorption enhancers for co-administration with drug-loaded nanoparticles without chemical or physical modifications (Bu et al. 2015), despite their simplicity, practicality, and ease of application. Malic acid (MA), with an irritating or refreshing sour taste, is mainly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry (Niklander et al. 2018). MA is used as a medicinal excipient, a flavoring agent for oral preparations, and can also prepare malate for some drugs such as sunitinib malate and clebopride malate. Thus, MA, at low concentrations, is a very safe excipient for oral preparations. The MA molecule contains two carboxyl groups and can complex with calcium ions (Jini et al. 2005). It is inferred that MA should open tight junctions between epithelial cells, thus promoting intercellular drug transport. However, MA as an absorption enhancer has not been reported thus far.
Pearson syndrome
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Piero Farruggia, Floriana Di Marco, Carlo Dufour
In PS, there is a disruption of the Krebs cycle, resulting in increased serum and urinary levels of some acids and amino acids. A 1.3–5-fold increase in serum lactate is frequently found [5,6,41]. Since the levels of lactate are intermittently high in one-third of patients [6], when the first level is still normal in the presence of a clinical suspicion of PS, we recommend repeating the dosage at least 2–3 times. The lactate:pyruvate is usually higher than 20 [3], and this ratio appears to give a more informative diagnosis than isolated lactate levels that may be mildly elevated. In addition, plasma 3-hydroxy-butyrate levels are frequently high [3,5]. Increased urinary excretion of lactate and fumaric acid is noted in about 90% of patients [6], whereas this is evident for malic acid in 50% of patients [6]. Methylglutaconicaciduria, discussed in two previous papers [64,65], could be found only in 2 out of 11 Italian children [6]. Alanine is high in about 90% of cases [6], and following plasma amino acid analysis low levels of citrulline and arginine are also found [42].
A novel non-invasive strategy for low-level laser-induced cancer therapy by using new Ag/ZnO and Nd/ZnO functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Saeed Jafarirad, Ebrahim Hammami Torghabe, Seyed Hosseyn Rasta, Roya Salehi
In this study, a novel approach for the synthesis of rGO-based ternary heterostructure nanocomposite using the extract was developed. The extract contains a number of chemical constituents like polyphenolic compounds such as methyl gallate, catechin, epi catechin, taxifolin (dihydroquercitin), eriodictyol, hesperidin, quercetin and phloridizin [35]. Furthermore, phytochemical studies which conducted on this plant show that the extract has high levels of organic acids such as citric acid, malic acid and ascorbic acid [36]. Ascorbic acid is an organic acid with very strong chelation activity, because it can chelate the hydroxyls at the C3 and C4 in furan moiety, and two hydroxyls on C6 and C7 positions in its structure. The exact mechanism for the phytosynthesis of nanomaterials in solution using plant extracts has not been confirmed. However, it was suggested that polar groups are responsible for the synthesis of nanomaterials [37,38]. Figure 1 shows the suggested mechanism for the capping and reducing influence of the extract.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Biochemistry
- Dicarboxylic Acid
- Ester
- Organic Compound
- Stereoisomerism
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Chemical Formula
- Food Additive
- Salt
- Ion