Growth And Secondary Metabolites Production In Cultured Cells Of Liverworts
R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla in Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
The cultured cells of liverworts have several unique physiological attributes differing from those of vascular plants. First, the dedifferentiation of thallus and redifferentiation of callus into thallus are primarily regulated by the concentrations of sugars included in the medium. As described earlier, the high concentration of sugars is generally a prerequisite for callus formation. On the other hand, calluses of Riccardia multifida,21 Riccardia multifida,,21Noteroclada confluens,23 Asterella angusta,17 and M. polymorpha35 easily differentiate to form normal thalli when transferred to a medium devoid of or containing low concentrations of sugars. Callus of Asterella wallichiana also differentiated after a prolonged culturing period during which depletion of sugars in the medium might have occurred.18 Second, the cultured liverwort cells, the callus, and cells in suspension culture usually contain well-developed chloroplasts and require light for growth even in a medium supplemented with appropriate sugars as carbon source. Third, some of the cultured liverwort cells of Jungermanniales prefer ammonium to nitrate as the nitrogen source. Fourth, although it has been reported in a very limited number of taxa, liverwort cells seem to retain the ability to biosynthesize secondary metabolites present in the mother plants.
Essential Oils and Volatiles in Bryophytes
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Conocephalum conicum is one of the most common liverworts in the northern hemisphere. Molecular studies have shown that this liverwort is a complex of six cryptic species (A, C, F, J, L, and S), which are indistinguishable by morphological features (Odrzykoski and Szweykowski, 1991). The GC-MS fingerprinting of ether extracts obtained from samples representing cryptic species A, F, J, L, and S (recently described as C. salebrosum) indicated the existence of chemical polymorphism between these species and the possibility to distinguish them based on the volatile components. For each of the analyzed cryptic species, the chemical markers were described (Figure 21.12) (Ludwiczuk et al., 2013a).
Evolutionary Biology of Parasitism
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin in Parasitology, 2023
The cosmopolitan liver fluke of sheep and cattle, Fasciola hepatica, provides an example of how reproductive activities in different life cycle stages can influence the composition of worm populations. Adult flukes live in the liver of cattle and sheep and fluke eggs are passed in the host’s feces. The eggs hatch and miracidia infect amphibious snails. Cercariae are produced in the snail and encyst on vegetation and are ingested by the grazing ruminants. See the Rogues’ Gallery for more details about the life cycle of this parasite. It is a frequent observation that some of the worms recovered from a particular cow or sheep are genetically the same (Figure 7.4). The likely explanation is as follows. Although most of the vegetation a particular cow (or sheep) consumes is safe, it will occasionally encounter a patch of grass contaminated with F. hepatica metacercariae. Furthermore, it is likely that all the metacercariae within a patch are derived from a single nearby infected snail. Insofar as the production of cercariae occurs by asexual reproduction (see Platyhelminths in the Rogues’ Gallery) and all cercariae derived from the same miracidium are clone mates, then the cow could acquire a dose of genetically identical metacercariae that will go on to develop into adult worms. In this case, the asexual reproductive activities of the parasite in the intermediate host have an impact on the genetic composition of worms in the definitive host. It is interesting though that for F. hepatica, even though some clonally derived worms are present in a cow, by virtue of grazing across large areas, the cows acquire genetically diverse adult worm populations as do sheep. Adult worms from cows and sheep are not highly differentiated from one another in the study shown in the figure, but other studies have found sheep to contain proportionately more clone mates than cattle. Additionally, the adult worms prefer to cross-fertilize even though they are hermaphroditic and could potentially self-fertilize. Lastly, particularly cattle (and their liver flukes) are frequently moved long distances by farmers. This creates a situation of panmixia for this fluke species in particular geographic areas.
Acacetin Alleviates Hepatitis Following Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion in Male Balb/C Mice by Antioxidants Regulation and Inflammatory Markers Suppression
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Cyrus Jalili, Nasim Akhshi, Farshid Raissi, Abdolhosein Shiravi, Alvand Alvani, Gholamhasan Vaezi, Seyed Ershad Nedaei, Ali Ghanbari
Nevertheless, according to other biochemical investigations the antioxidant characteristics of flavonoids, specifically ACA have been approved. In 2016, Lou et al. examined the antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid content of Kumquat extracts. They confirmed the property of Oxygen free radical scavenging, absorbance of apigenin and the presence of ACA in Kumquat extracts [14]. Li and colleagues compared the ACA and its dimer (isoginkgetin) for scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS). They concluded that the isoginkgetin in the field of ROS scavenging is more effective than ACA. However, according to the findings based on mass spectrometry (MS), the ACA converts to dimers during its antioxidant reaction. Thereby, more experiments are needed for examination of the ACA property [15]. Furthermore, Rivera-Yañez and colleagues in 2018 in an experimental model of diabetes mellitus found the antioxidant characteristics of flavonoids and phenolic ingredients of Mexican propolis which is rich in ACA content [16]. The ACA with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects has been reported more effective in Liverwort plant. This effect returns to the conversion of apigenin (as a potent antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compound) to ACA (as highly absorbable flavonoid) by 4′-O-methyltransferase (Pa4′OMT) [17].
Construction of a multiepitope vaccine candidate against Fasciola hepatica: an in silico design using various immunogenic excretory/secretory antigens
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Mesut Akıl, Mehmet Aykur, Muhammet Karakavuk, Hüseyin Can, Mert Döşkaya
Fasciola hepatica is a liver trematode that causes severe morbidity and mortality in livestock animals like cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans also play the role of accidental hosts in the parasite’s life cycle. Adult parasite is found in the liver and biliary tract of hosts. In animals, large financial losses such as reducing weight gain, milk yield, and fertility occur as a result of extensive damage to hepatic parenchyma by migrating flukes. Fasciolosis in humans progresses with clinical signs ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe liver cirrhosis, even death. Clinically, it is commonly characterized as fever, eosinophilia, and abdominal pain [1,2].
Extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths and their potential utility as vaccines
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Gebeyaw Getnet Mekonnen, Mark Pearson, Alex Loukas, Javier Sotillo
The field of parasitic EVs attracted the attention of the scientific community very recently, when Marcilla et al. showed the first evidence of EV release from helminths in 2012 [12]. These EVs were identified from the tegument and ES products of the flukes Echinostoma caproni and Fasciola hepatica [12], and were shown to be internalized by intestinal cells, suggesting a role for EVs in host–parasite interaction and the development of infection [12]. Since then, EVs have been characterized in other parasitic helminths, including nematodes, trematodes and cestodes, suggesting an important role for these vesicles in host–parasite interactions [28–38].
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