Introduction to dermatological treatment
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard in Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Organic hydrocarbons are sub-divided by their melting points: Liquid paraffinUK/liquid petrolatumUSA is liquid at room temperature and is used in bath oils.White soft paraffinUK/petrolatumUSA is semi-solid at room temperature, but melts at body temperature, so rubs in easily.A mixture comprising equal parts of liquid paraffin and WSP is useful for covering large areas of the body with grease.Waxes have high melting points and are useful for stiffening up an ointment base.
Oils
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
The term ‘mineral oil’ refers to very highly refined liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum distillates, which are used in medicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food packaging, food contact applications and food itself. Other terms often used interchangeably with mineral oil, include ‘liquid petrolatum’, ‘liquid paraffin’, ‘paraffin oil’, ‘medicinal oil’, ‘white oil’, ‘white mineral oil’, ‘food grade oil’, ‘food grade white oil’ and ‘technical white oil’. Mineral oils (medium and low viscosity) are manufactured from crude mineral oils in various refining steps, such as distillation, extraction and crystallization, and are subsequently purified by acid treatment (oleum method) and/or hydrotreatment (catalytic hydrogenation). Mineral oils (medium and low viscosity) are mixtures of highly refined paraffinic and naphthenic liquid hydrocarbons with boiling points greater than 200°C. They are lightweight, inexpensive, odourless and tasteless.
Meeting personal needs: elimination
Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale in Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
NICE (2007, 2014) advised that people with faecal loading need rectally administered treatment to clear the bowel – which may need to be repeated daily for a few days. If these do not work satisfactorily, oral laxatives should be given and a plan developed to prevent recurrence. The main groups of laxatives are bulking agents (e.g. Isogel, regulan), stimulants (e.g. senna, bisocodyl), stool softeners and lubricants (liquid paraffin, ducoset sodium) and osmotic agents (e.g. lactulose); see the British National Formulary for more details (www.bnf.org). Although laxatives may be necessary to prevent and manage constipation, they are preferable only as a short-term measure. The RCN (2011) identified that, for people with learning disabilities, there has been an overreliance on laxatives rather than promoting adequate nutrition and fluid intake. Where feasible, medicines that predispose to constipation should be avoided particularly in those who are at risk. Exercise should be increased, if possible.
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
Semi-liquid paraffin is a blend of solid and liquid qualities, comprising paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, and a white oil (Barry and Grace 1971; van Heugten et al. 2017). Semi-liquid paraffin is also called petrolatum, Vaseline, or petroleum jelly. The Ph. Eur. categorizes semi-liquid paraffin further into white soft paraffin (Vaselinum album) and yellow soft paraffin (V. flavum). In contrast to liquid paraffin, which is based on medicinal white oil, semi-liquid paraffin can be blended from technical white oil. This explains why the attribute “saturated” is missing in the definition in the respective Monographs and why the limit values for impurities of PAHs are higher (see below). Yellow soft paraffin derives its color from base materials that are not as thoroughly purified as those used for white soft paraffin. In the USP, the corresponding qualities are termed white petrolatum and petrolatum.
Oil-entrapped ranitidine HCl beads heal peptic ulcers via local and systemic mechanisms
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Sayed Ismail, Mona El-Mahdy, Noura Hassan Abd Ellah, Dina Adel Abdelmalek
The mean beads size of the oil-entrapped floating beads ranged from 1.32 ± 0.09 mm to 2.3 ± 0.12 mm as shown in Figure 1. The significant increase in particles size (p < .05) was attributed to some factors such as increasing NaAlg concentration from 2% to 4%. This is due to an increase in relative viscosity at high alginate concentration and formation of large droplets during addition of polymer solution to the gelling agent [27]. Additionally, it was noted that formulations with 30% liquid paraffin showed a significantly larger size than those of 10% liquid paraffin (p<.05). These results are consistent with the observations of Khan and Bajpai [22] and Choudhury and Kar [28]. However, increasing HPMC led to an increase in particle size in some formulations while in others the effect of HPMC was not significant. This may be attributed to the effect of other variables. Finally, drug:NaAlg ratio did not affect particle size significantly as expected (p>.05). This might be explained by the idea of the beads reaching a saturation point of drug incorporation beyond which, further addition of the drug will not increase the amount of drug held within the beads and hence no further change in their size.
Microencapsulated soil conditioner with a water-soluble core: improving soil nutrition of crop root
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Wang Zuo, Wang Jincheng, Song Shiqiang, Rao Pinhua, Wang Runkai, Liu Shihui
The morphology and structure of MSC were presented in Figure 2. The microcapsules showed a uniform particle size and a rounded appearance (Figure 2(A,B,D)), and a shadowed sphere was contained in a transparent and a large sphere illustrating the successful formation of W/O/W structure (Figure 2(C)). As shown in Table 1, the particle size of MSC was ranged from 1.58 to 2.14 mm with a similar shape, and this was mainly relied on the concentration of liquid paraffin and also associated with the interaction between shell materials and CaCl2 (Park et al. 2001, Belscak-Cvitanovic et al.2015). The double shell material can be used to improve the encapsulated capacity of water-soluble core, and was an effective means than that of a single shell. Moreover, the quick curing method of outer layer can also be beneficial to improve the efficiency of microencapsulation. With the ratio of liquid paraffin to water grew from 2:1 to 5:1 for retaining stable W/O structure, the encapsulation efficiency was increased from 54.70% (m/m) to 87.30% (m/m). In addition, the encapsulation efficiency was increased from 70.02% (m/m) to 71.26% (m/m) with the SA content changed from 0.6 g (the minimum dosage to form capsules) to 0.8 g (the maximum solubility of SA). This meant the oil phase played the major part in conserving the core to microcapsules. The more quality of liquid paraffin (25 ml) and SA dosage (0.8 g) was used, the higher effectiveness of the microencapsulated structure. The regularity of particle size was similar to encapsulation efficiency. That is, the higher oil phase and higher SA content implied a bigger particle size. In a word, the degree of encapsulation efficiency and particle size was in direct proportion to the amount of liquid paraffin and SA.