Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Luke Bucci in Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Methyl donor supplementation to athletes has centered around two compounds: lecithin and DMG. Lecithin (soybean oil phospholipids containing 17 to 35% phosphatidyl choline) was the first inexpensive commercially available source of phosphatidyl choline. As such, it was believed to increase choline levels to aid creatine synthesis as well as to reinforce nerve and muscle cell membranes. Few reports on lecithin supplementation to athletes are found. An early German study administered 22 to 83 g of lecithin daily for several days to five subjects and reported beneficial effects on muscular power, endurance, and performance.543 This study was refuted by Keys in 1943 on the basis of training effects and inadequate control.198 Another study utilized a blind, crossover design with unsupplemented controls.544 Grip strength was tested before and after 2 weeks of daily supplementation with 30 g of lecithin. No increases in strength were seen. Thus, lecithin has not been proved to be an effective ergogenic aid.
Medicines for Weakness: 1900 to c. 1950
John K. Crellin in A Social History of Medicines in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Physicians were constantly reminded of phosphorus preparations by a bombardment of advertisements in medical journals, such as "Maltine with Hypophosphites," "Fellows' Syrup of Hypophosphites," "Glyphocal (Squire's Glycerophosphate Syrup)."132 Given the social conditions, physicians in Newfoundland may well have been more liberal prescribers of phosphorus compounds than in other places.133 Their tonic prescriptions commonly included Elixir Glycerophosphates Compound and Phospho-Lecithin,134 The latter (a commercial brand of lecithin—an organic phosphorus compound—widely endorsed by 1900 for building up the nervous system) was promoted as being more effective than inorganic phosphorus compounds. Lecithin was also available in various over-the-counter preparations or nervines. One was Assaya-Neurall, which was promoted over many years. In 1922, it was still described as "The New Remedy for Nervous Exhaustion which contains Lecithin (concentrated from eggs), the form of phosphates required for nerve repair." It was promoted for treating neuralgia, nightsweats, sleeplessness, indigestion, and hysteria.135
Treatment Of Alzheimer’s Disease
Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh in Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
Eight large placebo-controlled studies have assessed the efficacy of tacrine in large samples of AD patients (see Table 1). A 6-week parallel trial using an enriched-population design (Davis et al., 1992) found that patients treated with THA showed significantly less decline in cognitive function than the placebo-treated group as assessed by the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale. A 12-week parallel group design demonstrated a significant dose-related cognitive improvement with THA (Farlow et al., 1992). Similar results were reported in a study of 30-weeks’ duration (Knapp et al., 1994). Two recently published studies, one with a crossover design and the other with a parallel design, failed to find statistically significant differences between THA and placebo (Wilcock et al., 1994; Maltby et al., 1994). THA in combination with lecithin resulted in significant improvement in Mini-Mental Status scores in two studies (Gauthier et al., 1990; Eagger et al., 1992) and in minimal to no cognitive improvement in two others (Chatellier et al., 1990; Maltby et al., 1994). From the above studies, it is suggested that lecithin is not essential and probably does not contribute to the therapeutic effect of THA. Moreover, these studies suggest that THA in a dose of 80 to 160 mg for at least 2 weeks produces a significant improvement in cognitive performance tests as well as in global clinical measures.
Trans-cinnamaldehyde loaded chitosan based nanocapsules display antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against cavity-causing Streptococcus mutans
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Ran Mu, Hanyi Zhang, Zhiyuan Zhang, Xinyue Li, Jiaxuan Ji, Xinyue Wang, Yu Gu, Xiaofei Qin
CA (Table S1) and CS were purchased from Macklin Biological Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), the average molecular weight of CS is 3.0 × 105 Da, and the degree of deacetylation is about 10%. Soy lecithin was purchased from Pengrui Biomedicine Co., Ltd. (Pizhou, China). Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) dye solution, neutral gum, and CCK-8 kit were purchased from BioSharp Co., Ltd. (Hefei, China). Miglyol 812N was purchased from Beijing Fengli Jingqiu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Phosphate buffered solution (PBS) solution was prepared with NaCl, KCl, Na2HPO4, and KH2PO4. The pH value of PBS was adjusted with hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide to 7.4, and the concentration of PBS is 0.1 M. The model strain of S. mutans (UA159) was donated by the stomatology laboratory of Zunyi Medical University, and human oral epithelial cells (HOECs) were derived from the cell-sharing platform of Zunyi Medical University. Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Zhuhai BesTest Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Zhuhai, China).
Design and characterization of gambogic acid-loaded mixed micelles system for enhanced oral bioavailability
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Zhongcheng Ke, Jianjun Shi, Ziyang Cheng, Xiaoling Cheng, Huan Wang, Meng Wang, Jingjing Wu, Yinyu Sun, Changjiang Li
In the present study, nanoscale binary mixed micelles composed of Kolliphor HS15 and lecithin were designed to increase the oral absorption of GA. As a common amphiphilic natural excipient, lecithin exhibits solubilization and is generally regarded as safe (Yang et al. 2018; Johnson et al. 2020). Kolliphor HS15, a safe polymer with a large percentage of polyethylene glycol blocks, not only increases drug loading and structural stability but also restrains P-gp mediated drug efflux (Wang et al. 2018; Qin et al. 2021). Kolliphor HS15 consists of approximately 70% polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate (amphiphilicity) and 30% free polyethylene glycol (hydrophilic). According to previous research, we inferred from the single peak (retention time 2.75 min) of the reported chromatogram that polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate is a single component (Zhang et al. 2016). Polyethylene glycol is a hydrophilic polymer, so it has relatively little effect on the formation of micelles. Therefore, GA-M, mainly composed of polyoxyl 15 hydroxystearate (Figure 1b, MW: 963.2) and lecithin (Figure 1c, MW: 758.1), is envisaged to enhance the oral bioavailability of GA.
Long-circulating doxorubicin and schizandrin A liposome with drug-resistant liver cancer activity: preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Shi-Yi Xu, Hui Su, Xing-Yu Zhu, Xue-Ying Li, Jie Li, Xi Chen, Qi Wang, Ruo-Yi Hao, Xue-Ying Yan
Phospholipid is an important part of lipid preparation. Different kinds of phospholipids will affect the encapsulation efficiency of the preparation after hydration. Natural lecithin was chosen because of its good biocompatibility, high safety and low price. The commonly used natural lecithin is egg yolk lecithin, hydrogenated phospholipids and soybean lecithin. Single factor study was used to determine whether high purity soybean lecithin (PC 80% and 95%, injection grade), hydrogenated phospholipids (PC200sh, injection grade), natural yolk phospholipids (Lipoid EPCs, Ludwigshafen, Germany, injection grade) and hydrogenated phospholipids (Lipoid SPC-3, injection grade) were suitable for the preparation of liposomes. The results showed that the liposomes prepared from Lipoid EPCS were very unstable and easy to be stratified. PC200sh and lipoid SPC-3 are hydrogenated phospholipids with high phase transition temperature, poor solubility in organic solvents, and white particles appear during hydration. Soybean lecithin has good solubility, and the prepared liposomes were uniform and stable. The encapsulation efficiency of compound liposomes prepared by soybean lecithin with 95% purity of PC was higher. PC could form complex with drugs to increase the solubility of drugs and the stability of preparations. Hence, we chose soya lecithin with purity of 95% in injection grade.
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- Amphiphile
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