Ene-Reductases in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Peter Grunwald in Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Latanoprost is a prostaglandin analogue used to control the progression of glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure. It was launched in 1996 by Pfizer (Xalatan™; Latanoprost Pfizer®). Latanoprost is listed on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicine (WHO, 2018) and since 2011 a generic drug is available. The production of the active compound was originally based on the strategy developed by Corey (Corey et al., 1969) which requires the subsequent use of 20 synthetic steps. Recently, the method was shortened to seven steps by introducing an organocatalyst into the synthetic sequence (Coulthard et al., 2012). In 1981, an alternative approach based on yeast was patented (Kieslich et al., 1981), in which the 15-ketoprostaglandin intermediate is enzymatically reduced to the unsaturated secondary alcohol, a precursor of Latanoprost.
Pea
Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett in Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Costagliola et al.26 performed an open-label 6-month study on the effects of PEA on visual field damage progression in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). This is a form of glaucoma that is characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss despite normal intraocular pressure levels. Thirty-two patients were split equally between a treatment group with PEA and a control group that received no treatment. All of the patients who participated in the study had been treated with once-daily latanoprost for at least 3 months. The participants in the treatment group were instructed to take one tablet after breakfast and dinner for 6 months. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) with the patient in a sitting position, central corneal thickness, and blood pressure were measured at baseline. The researchers reported that IOP dropped from a mean value of 14.4 to 11.1 in patients treated with PEA. There were no statistically significant changes in the BCVA. The mean deviation and pattern standard deviation visual field parameters diminished in the PEA group compared to the control. The findings of this study show that PEA can be helpful in reducing IOP and recovering mean deviation and pattern standard deviation in glaucoma patients suffering from normal tension glaucoma.
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2α analog and a prostanoid selective FP receptor agonist with an ocular antihypertensive effect. It increases outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes and thereby reduces intraocular pressure. Latanoprost is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (1).
Efficacy of the combination of carteolol hydrochloride + latanoprost in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2018
Rebecca Russ Soares, M Reza Razeghinejad
The absolute contraindications and the side effects of the separate and fixed combination of carteolol-latanoprost stem from the adverse reactions to its individual component drugs. In general, latanoprost is one of the most well-tolerated topical glaucoma medications. Local adverse effects of latanoprost include permanent pigmentation of the iris through increased melanocyte production of melanin. Increased pigmentation of the periorbital tissues and growth of eyelashes, while common, is typically reversible. Local hyperemia, while another common side effect, rarely requires discontinuation. Active intraocular inflammation and those at risk for cystoid macular edema have been previously cited as relative contraindications to use of PGAs like latanoprost [51]. Smaller studies provide some evidence to support these associations [60–62]. More recently, however, better-powered randomized controlled trials have failed to demonstrate exacerbation of either uveitis or cystoid macular edema with use of PGA, without the contribution of other independent risk factors like posterior capsular rupture [63–66].
Sustained latanoprost release from PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticle-laden soft contact lens to treat glaucoma
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Hui Dang, Chunyun Dong, Li Zhang
Latanoprost is an ester analogue that reduces the intra ocular pressure (IOP) by increasing the uveoscleral outflow (Watson et al. 1996). It is widely accepted for the treatment of ocular hypertension using eye drop solution (Rouland et al. 2013). However, eye drop therapy shows poor ocular bioavailability due to loss of drug via nasolacrimal drainage, improper absorption, and other associated corneal barriers (Desai et al. 2019; Lanier et al. 2021; Maulvi et al. 2021). The poor patient compliance and low adherence rate (<50%) contribute to irreversible vision loss (Schwartz and Quigley 2008; Friedman et al. 2009). The patient adherence to glaucoma therapy can be improved by developing therapeutic contact lenses to deliver drugs for the prolong period of time (Gupta and Aqil 2012; Holgado et al. 2020). The contact lens can improve ocular bioavailability up to 50% compared to eye drop solutions (Hiratani et al. 2005; Maulvi et al. 2021). Formulators have developed methods to incorporate ophthalmic drugs into the contact lenses, including molecular imprinting, use of vitamin E as a barrier, polymeric nanoparticles, application of supercritical fluids, implantation techniques, and coating (Guzman-Aranguez et al. 2013; Maulvi et al. 2016). Although these approaches afforded controlled and prolonged drug release profiles with improved ocular drug retention, they are not suitable for clinical application owing to alterations in the critical properties of the lens, such as swelling, oxygen permeability, and optical transparency (Lanier et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020).
The Effect of Latanaprost on Intraocular Inflammation and Macular Edema
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2019
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and affects more than 60 million people.1 The only treatment approach shown to be effective in preserving visual function is the reduction and maintenance of intraocular pressure (IOP). Prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) are often employed as the first-line agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma.2 Structurally, Latanoprost, Travoprost, and Bimatoprost are all the compounds related to prostaglandin F-2α.3 The reported side-effects of Latanoprost include conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pruritus, periorbital skin pigmentation, iris color change, periorbital fat atrophy, hypertrichosis, intraocular inflammation, reactivation of herpes simplex keratitis, and macular edema (ME).4 The majority of the studies about the ME and intraocular inflammation and PGAs dealt with Latanoprost, probably because it was the first PGAs released, and the most popular anti-glaucoma agent used. Similar observations may apply to all currently available PGAs.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blurred Vision
- Eye
- Glaucoma
- Intraocular Pressure
- Ocular Hypertension
- Prostaglandin Analogue
- Ophthalmic Drug Administration
- Iris
- Aqueous Humour
- Generic Drug