Fluid and electrolyte balance in the newborn
Prem Puri in Newborn Surgery, 2017
Treatments used in premature infants with non-oliguric hyperkalemia aim to decrease the arrhythmogenicity of hyperkalemia, redistribute potassium into the intracellular space, or remove potassium from the body.66 Sodium bicarbonate is not recommended. If acidosis is present, the underlying cause should be treated. Ion exchange resins are also not recommended. They have been shown to cause intestinal obstruction and perforation. Also gastric masses found at autopsy were devoid of potassium, indicating that no exchange had occurred. A recent Cochrane study of interventions for neonatal non-oliguric hyperkalemia found limited information from small studies of uncertain quality and made no firm recommendations for clinical practice. The combination of insulin and glucose is preferred over treatment with rectal cation–resin for hyperkalemia in preterm infants. Both the combination of insulin and glucose and salbutamol (albuterol) inhalation deserve further study. Other potentially effective interventions for non-oliguric hyperkalemia (diuretics, exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, and calcium) have not been tested in randomized controlled trials.67
Radionuclide Production
Michael Ljungberg in Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Another generator of increasing importance is 68Ge/68Ga-system where 68Ge, with a half-life of 271 days, produces a short-lived positron emitter, 68Ga, with a half-life of 68 minutes. This is produced as an ion (+3) that can be rapidly labelled, using a chelating agent such as DOTA, to small receptor-binding peptides, for example, 68Ga-DOTATOC. Due to the long half-life of the mother, the generator can be operated for up to two years and can be milked every fifth hour. One problem of such a long-lived generator is keeping it sterile, and that the ion-exchange material is exposed to high radiation doses that may reduce the elusion efficiency and the quality of the product.
Manufacture of Glycerine from Natural Fats and Oils
Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag in Glycerine, 2018
Other processes employed for purification of glycerine solutions containing high levels of soap or salt are ion exclusion and ion retardation [13–15]. These are continuous operations employing an ion-exchange resin, and are similar to chromatographic separations; no net ion exchange occurs, so resin regeneration is not necessary. All of the glycerine treatments employing resins are very effective techniques for crude pretreatment. They are all capable of removing ash or soap content to levels below 1%, allowing for economical refining of glycerine solutions which would have little value to the glycerine refiner without the benefit of these processes.
Preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a clonidine hydrochloride drug–resin suspension as a sustained-release formulation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Hongfei Liu, Xiaoya Xie, Chao Chen, Caleb Kesse Firempong, Yingshu Feng, Limin Zhao, Xuezhi Yin
Ion exchange resin is an insoluble ionic material which consists of a structural part (composed of the polymer matrix usually cross-linked by styrene and divinylbenzene) and a functional part (ionic active group). The resins can be categorized into cation and anion exchange resins because they contain groups with either positive or negative charges [8]. With its high ion exchange capacity, good absorption, physical and chemical stability, and insolubility in any solvent, as well as other excellent properties, it has become an ideal choice for taste masking and control drug release, especially for the slow and controlled release system in liquid form [9,10]. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used to separate and purify biomolecules (proteins, nucleotides, and amino acids) while in tablet formulation, it can be used as a disintegrating agent due to its expansibility [11]. The ion exchange resin can also be used as the active component of drugs [12,13], such as cholestyramine for cholesterol reduction, sodium polystyrene sulfonate for potassium reduction, and sevelamer for treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Few studies have been conducted on the application of ion exchange resins in antihypertensive drugs.
Amphetamine extended-release oral suspension for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Ann C. Childress, Heather Chow
Several other options using the same ion-exchange technology exist. ODTs comprised of AMPH or MPH, an MPH ER chewable tablet and MPH ER oral suspension (MEROS) are all available in the US The tablets may be more convenient and more portable, but the liquid suspensions are easier to titrate and allow for more individualized dosing. These drugs are compared in Table 2 [40,42–44]. Since some patients are preferential responders to MPH or AMPH, it is important to have both options available [45]. Patient preference for taste, formulation, optimal dose, onset and duration of effect, and cost are also important factors when choosing from this group. Of ion-exchange formulations, AMPH EROS appears to have the earliest documented onset and longest duration of effect compared to placebo.
Release mechanisms and applications of drug delivery systems for extended-release
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Shuying Wang, Renhe Liu, Yao Fu, W. John Kao
Ion exchange is an effective and viable method for the controlled release of charged solutes, such as ionized small molecule drugs, DNAs and RNAs [51]. Generally, the positively or negatively charged polymers bind to the oppositely charged drug molecules through electrostatic interactions. Since there are intrinsically negatively and positively charged ions in vivo (e.g. chloride, hydrogen, and sodium ions), the bound drug can be slowly replaced by these ions; thus making the system feasible for extended and sustained drug release. Moreover, the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly approach further permits the drug loading in multilayer, increasing the drug loading capacity to achieve desirable therapeutic efficacy [52]. During the process, the charged substrate is alternately exposed to both positively and negatively charged polyelectrolyte solutions in a ‘sequential deposition’ step. A rinsing step is included between each deposition step to avoid cross-contamination as well as to remove the excess of polyelectrolyte solutions. A wide range of materials, such as charged-polymers, clays, and metal oxides, have been explored in LBL coatings [53].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Chemical Structure
- Hydroxide
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- Electrolyte
- Gel
- Zeolite
- Ion
- Amphoterism