Cell Biology
C.S. Sureka, C. Armpilia in Radiation Biology for Medical Physicists, 2017
An inorganic molecule is generally termed as a substance that does not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. However, many inorganic compounds like water (H2O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) do contain hydrogen atoms. But, only a few inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide (CO2) contain carbon atoms. Hence, inorganic compounds include water, salts, acids, and bases, which are essential in all living organisms. Water (more than 80%) plays a tremendous and sensitive role, namely, (1) it dissolves and transports various substances that are necessary for life, (2) it removes waste products from the cells and is hence effectively involved in chemical and metabolic activity, (3) it regulates body temperature, (4) it is involved in the biochemical breakdown of food that we eat, and (5) it serves as an effective lubricant around joints. Salts like NaCl are dissolved in water and dissociate into ions other than H+ or OH–. These ions are electrolytes, so they are capable of conducting an electric current in solution. This property is important in transmitting nerve impulses and prompting muscle contraction. Unlike salts, acids release H+ in solution (quantified in terms of pH), making it more acidic, which is needed for digestion and to kill microbes. But, bases accept H+, thereby making the solution more alkaline.
Conclusion
Nate F. Cardarelli in Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
At this point in the text ancillary chapters were inserted that broaden our knowledge about the physiological activity of tin. Dr. Thayer’s paper reported on the investigation of the effect of several tin compounds on the growth and development of plant cells. Both organic and inorganic compounds were evaluated. A wide range of effects were noted, with a crucial factor being the nature of the groups bonded to the tin atom. Microbes in nature appear to resist organotin movement through the cell envelopes by surface absorption and binding. It is postulated that the change in growth parameters, especially lag time, observed under tin stress arises from the need of the organism to modify its cell membrane in order to prevent tin movement into the cell. The data presented reasonably indicate that tin-cell membrane reactions occur.
Problems on Excess of Inorganic Chemical Compounds for Mankind
Jul Låg in Geomedicine, 2017
In this chapter, the general problems for mankind due to exposure to an excess of inorganic chemical compounds will be discussed. It is impossible in any way to cover this large area completely. The present chapter is therefore focused on certain aspects of the toxicology of metals, but some comments are also made on mineral particles and inorganic compounds of nonmetalic elements. For further details and information on particular compounds, the reader is referred to the Handbook on Toxicity of Inorganic Compounds1 and Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals.2 These references cover most of this area. Information can also be obtained from general textbooks in toxicology such as Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology3 and the Environmental Health Criteria published under the International Program on Chemical Safety by the World Health Organization.
Protective effect of royal jelly on fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats via the some protein biomarkers signalling pathways: a new approach for kidney damage
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Abdullah Aslan, Seda Beyaz, Ozlem Gok, Muhammed Ismail Can, Gozde Parlak, Ramazan Gundogdu, Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan, Serpil Baspinar
The kidneys are responsible for keeping the osmotic pressure of the blood stable by providing fluid-electrolyte balance. Importantly, they are responsible to cleanse the body from metabolic wastes such as urea, creatine, uric acid, and therefore, they contribute to the regulation of acid-base balance. In addition, they serve as a homeostasis centre, where the production site of some vital hormones such as renin and erythropoietin take place (Koken 2018). The kidneys create a stable environment in the body by regulating the volume and contents of extracellular fluid. Thus, they help to balance the uptake, production, excretion and retention of many organic and inorganic compounds. This balance ensures that the kidneys retain water and water-soluble substances, and the content of body fluids is preserved by excreting water according to body needs (Yıldıran and Gencer 2018). However, the kidneys are the prime target of many cytotoxic substances. Excess fluoride (F) is one of these cytotoxic substances. Traces of fluoride play a role in the growth of teeth and bones of humans and animals. However, excessive use of this element causes deformation of bones as well as teeth. In addition, excessive fluoride ingestion leads to nephrotoxicity, thyroid disorder and impairment in brain functions (Dharmaratne 2019). Excess fluoride inhibits various enzymatic pathways in the body, leading to dysfunctionality of the kidneys and other organs (Malin et al.2019).
NanoMIL-100(Fe) containing docetaxel for breast cancer therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Mahsa Rezaei, Alireza Abbasi, Reyhaneh Varshochian, Rassoul Dinarvand, Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
There are vast numbers of drug nanocarriers that can be categorized as purely inorganic nanomaterials (e.g. iron oxide nanoparticles [1], gold nanoparticles [2], zeolites [3]) and purely organic nanomaterials (e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, micelles [4], dendrimers [5] and liposomes [6]). According to recent research, there is a third category, which are called hybrid nanomaterials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [7]. In 1999, Yaghi et al. introduced these new classes of hybrid materials, which are self-assemblies of metal ions as coordination centres and organic ligands as linkers between metal centres [8]. This kind of porous material has taken advantage of both organic and inorganic compounds. This ordered material with high surface area has substantial properties to adsorb guest molecules like gases or drugs [9].
Therapeutic effects of the gold nanoparticle on obesity-triggered neuroinflammation: a review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Jessica Abel, Mariella Reinol da Silva, Ana Beatriz Costa, Mariana Pacheco de Oliveira, Larissa Espindola da Silva, Larissa Marques Dela Vedova, Talita Farias Mendes, Gisele Tartari, Jonathann Correa Possato, Gabriela Kozuchovski Ferreira, Ricardo Andrez Machado de Avila, Gislaine Tezza Rezin
In this sense, nanomaterials are classified as either organic or inorganic. Organic nanomaterials are composed of cellulose compounds, mainly lipids. Inorganic compounds are mainly based on metal oxides and metals [56]. The small scales of these materials eventually facilitate their entry into tissues, cells, and organelles, since the size of a nanoparticle is similar to that of many biomolecules. Thus, the use of nanoparticles should be carried out with care in order to avoid any accumulation and their toxic effects [59].
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