Anabolic steroids, amyl and butyl nitrite, hypno-sedatives, volatile substances, over-the-counter drugs, smart and eco drugs
G. Hussein Rassool in Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
In most countries, even though many inhalants are legal, there have been legal actions taken in some jurisdictions to limit access by young people. In the US, 38 of 50 states have enacted laws making various inhalants unavailable to those under the age of 18, or making inhalant use illegal (en.wikipedia.org). The Intoxicating Substances Supply Act (England and Wales) makes it an offence to supply a young person under 18 years with a substance which the supplier knows or has reason to believe will be used “to achieve intoxication”. The law is mainly directed to shopkeepers but could also be applied to anyone who sells or gives a young person a sniffable product. In Scotland, the common law provides for a similar offence of “recklessly” selling solvents to children knowing they are going to inhale them. An amendment to the Consumer Protection Act (The Cigarette Lighter Refill (Safety) Regulations 1999) made it an offence to “supply any cigarette lighter refill canister containing butane or a substance with butane as a constituent part to any person under the age of eighteen years”.
Inhalant Abuse
John Brick in Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 2012
It is a commonly held belief that most inhalant abusers usually engage in this activity for short periods of time. Some reports, however, cite patients who chronically abuse inhalants, such as prisoners who work with industrial solvents (Davies, Thorley, and O’Connor, 1985; Lewis, Moritz, and Mellis, 1981). These workers inhale the fumes of accessible solvents periodically during their daily shifts in an attempt to maintain euphoria throughout the workweek (Cohen, 1984). Inhalant abusers have also been reported to proceed to chronic alcohol and illicit drug abuse. Recent evidence suggests that early-onset inhalant use by females signals an excess risk of suicide attempt (Wilcox and Anthony, 2004).
Complications of Equine Anesthesia
Michele Barletta, Jane Quandt, Rachel Reed in Equine Anesthesia and Pain Management, 2023
One should always double check that there is not an equipment issue leading to the problem, such as: Empty inhalant level in the vaporizer.Machine is not properly put together.Inadequate oxygen flow rate is used.Leaks in the circuit or endotracheal cuff.
Multi-Organ System Injury from Inhalant Abuse
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2019
H. Evan Dingle, Saralyn R. Williams
Commonly abused volatile hydrocarbons are divided into several categories based on their chemical structure. Examples of aliphatic (straight chain) hydrocarbons include propane, butane, and gasoline. These may be found in bottled fuel and cigarette lighter fluid. The alkyl halides, which contain fluorinated or chlorinated hydrocarbons, are often used as propellants in aerosol cans, but are also found in refrigerants (Freon), paint strippers, and the dry cleaning industry. DFE is an example of this class of hydrocarbons. The aromatic (cyclic) hydrocarbons, such as toluene and benzene, are found in paint thinners, glues, paint sprays, varnishes, and other adhesives. Some less commonly abused hydrocarbons include nitrites, which may be found in air fresheners, as well as ethers and ketones, which are common in nail polish remover, adhesives, and paint (4). The presence of the aforementioned substances at the scene may suggest inhalant abuse.
Inhalant misuse reported to America’s Poison Centers, 2001–2021
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Raymond L. Hogge, Henry A. Spiller, Sandhya Kistamgari, Marcel J. Casavant, Natalie Rine, Nichole L. Michaels, Motao Zhu, Gary A. Smith
We obtained data on all inhalant exposures reported to the NPDS from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2021, with a reason for the exposure being “intentional abuse” and at least one route of exposure being “inhalation.” “Intentional abuse” is defined by the NPDS as “an exposure resulting from intentional improper or incorrect use where the patient was likely attempting to gain a high, euphoric effect, or some other psychotropic effect” [10]. The term “misuse” is used in this article for these cases [11]. To facilitate the calculation of population-based rates for the US, only cases reported by poison centers in the 50 states and the District of Columbia were included. Exclusion criteria included “confirmed non-exposure” and “unrelated exposure.” According to the NPDS, a “confirmed non-exposure” is an exposure in which “there is reliable and objective evidence that the exposure never occurred and that any symptoms exhibited by the patient were not related to the reported exposure,” and “unrelated exposure” is a report for which “based upon all the information available, the exposure was probably not responsible for the effect” [12]. Although the NPDS conducts a multi-stage review of fatalities, we used the data as coded initially by the poison center because we did not have the NPDS Relative Contribution to Fatality assessment data to confirm case details.
Utility of aripiprazole in co-occurring problem gambling and toluene dependence: A case report
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Tamonud Modak, Roshan Bhad, Ravindra Rao
The use of inhalants or solvents is a significant public health problem globally. The prevalence of inhalant abuse has been estimated between 1% in the General population to as high as 10–20% among adolescent age groups (Garland, Howard, Vaughn, & Perron, 2011; Villatoro, Cruz, Ortiz, & Medina-Mora, 2011). Common clinical knowledge suggests that inhalant use is primarily present in adolescents and young adults with peak age being 14–15 years and declining between the ages of 17 and 19 years (Shen & Chen, 2010). However, data from the National Comorbidity Survey reveal that the aggregate prevalence of inhalant abuse could be as high as 7.5% in adults (Anthony, Warner, & Kessler, 1994). There is also evidence of a trend toward increased use among adolescents in the last 2 decades (Brouette & Anton, 2001). Chronic use of abused inhalants can lead to a variety of disorders including neuropsychiatric, hepatic, renal, and hematological complications (Kumar et al., 2008). Inhalant abuse is common in India and although exact figures are not available, the problem is quite common and is increasing in prevalence (Basu, Jhirwal, Singh, Kumar, & Mattoo, 2004; Bhad, Jain, Dhawan, & Mehta, 2017; Narayanaswamy, Viswanath, Ravi, & Muralidharan, 2012).
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