Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Biomonitoring
Daniel Tze Huei Lai, Rezaul Begg, Marimuthu Palaniswami in Healthcare Sensor Networks, 2016
In regard to biomonitoring at the eye, the utilization of special materials in flexible biosensors has been reported (Mitubayashi et al. 2006). Since the tear glucose sensor is attached to the eye, it is expected to hinder vision. However, flexible biosensors with an optically transparent working electrode have been reported. The transparent biosensor utilizes an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode formed on a polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) film with a thickness of 0.1 mm. GOD was immobilized by a covalent binding method with glutaraldehyde on the oxygen-sensing region (Figure 6.11). The thinner glucose sensor (total thickness: 225 μm) was sufficiently flexible to be applied to the skin surface and was also optically transparent as shown in the photograph. By spectrophotometric analysis, the absorbance was confirmed to be lower than 0.6 Abs at the visible wavelength (400–700 nm).
Industrial Applications
Vlado Valković in Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
The physics of the surface interaction of the cluster beam strongly depends upon gas composition, cluster size, cluster size distribution and beam energy. Typical argon GCIBs are composed of clusters ranging from several hundred to several thousand atoms in size. It has been shown that Ar clusters can be used to smooth surfaces at a sub-nanometer level. Argon cluster beam smoothing typically occurs in the energy range between 15 and ∼30 keV (Greer et al. 2020). As such, the average energy per atom is of the order of 10 eV/atom upon cluster impact with the surface and subsequent dissociation. Ion cluster beams formed with reactive gases such as oxygen and nitrogen can be formed, but at somewhat lower current densities than those obtainable with argon. Upon impact, reactive gas clusters undergo strong chemical reactions at the substrate surface. An extension of this chemical interaction is to utilize reactive clusters in an ion beam-assisted, thin-film physical vapor deposition process. This has been demonstrated with relatively low energy (E < ∼10 keV) oxygen clusters in an electron-beam evaporator to form extremely low resistivity indium–tin oxide films on room-temperature substrates.
Iodine that sustains electronic and information materials
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
Among LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display) projector components, transparent pixel electrodes perform one of the most important functions. In an LCD, when voltage is applied to the transparent pixel electrodes, the orientation state of the liquid crystal changes, controlling the transmitted light. These transparent pixel electrodes use ITO (indium tin oxide) due to its high conductivity. ITO generally has an indium/tin ratio of 90/10, but is one of the most difficult materials to etch.
High-throughput retrieval of physical DNA for NGS-identifiable clones in phage display library
Published in mAbs, 2019
Jinsung Noh, Okju Kim, Yushin Jung, Haejun Han, Jung-Eun Kim, Soohyun Kim, Sanghyub Lee, Jaeseong Park, Rae Hyuck Jung, Sang Il Kim, Jaejun Park, Jerome Han, Hyunho Lee, Duck Kyun Yoo, Amos C. Lee, Euijin Kwon, Taehoon Ryu, Junho Chung, Sunghoon Kwon
SSICLE is composed of four main parts: 1) an indium tin oxide (ITO) coated layer, 2) a hydrophobic layer, 3) hydrophilic pillar structures, and 4) a cover glass. Microcolony-forming agarose droplets are formed around the pillar structures by self-assembly. Microorganisms are loaded into the agarose emulsion and grow to form microscale colonies. An aqueous solution consisting of the reagents for incubation, agarose for fixation, and microorganisms interacts with the hydrophilic pillar structures and the hydrophobic layer to form an agarose emulsion gathered around the pillar structures.24,25 The emulsions are sealed with oil to prevent evaporation, and each emulsion acts as an incubator for the loaded microorganisms. The whole structures, including the agarose emulsions, are patterned on an ITO-coated glass cover. The ITO-coated layer of the chip reacts to an infrared laser and vaporizes to produce pressure for extracting the agarose emulsions (Figure 2(a)).
The early onset and persistent worsening pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in rats by indium oxide nanoparticles
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Sung-Hyun Kim, Soyeon Jeon, Dong-Keun Lee, Seonghan Lee, Jiyoung Jeong, Jong Sung Kim, Wan-Seob Cho
Nano-sized indium compounds such as indium oxide (In2O3) and indium–tin oxide (ITO) have been used in various industrial applications such as flat-panel displays and liquid crystal displays because of its unique physicochemical properties including transparency, electron conductivity, and mechanical resistance (Homma et al. 2005; Hamaguchi et al. 2008; Omae et al. 2011; Choi et al. 2012). Workplace inhalation exposures of indium compounds have been reported to produce ‘indium lung disease’, which is characterized by PAP and pulmonary fibrosis (Cummings et al. 2010, 2012; Choi et al. 2013). Recent toxicity studies reported that nano-sized indium compounds produced more severe ‘indium lung disease’ because of its higher deposition and prolonged retention in the alveoli (Bomhard 2017, 2018; Huaux et al. 2018). Furthermore, the increased industrial use and applications of nano-sized indium compounds have raised higher concerns in human inhalation exposures (Tanaka et al. 2010).
Aggravation of atherosclerosis by pulmonary exposure to indium oxide nanoparticles
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Dong-Keun Lee, Hyung Seok Jang, Hyunji Chung, Soyeon Jeon, Jiyoung Jeong, Jae-Hoon Choi, Wan-Seob Cho
Indium oxide (In2O3) and indium-metal hybrids (e.g. indium-tin oxide) have been used for various applications, such as the manufacture of semiconductors (Lee et al. 2011), sensors (Bhardwaj et al. 2015), batteries (Osiak et al. 2013), and liquid crystal displays (Silveira et al. 2015). The annual worldwide refinery production of indium metal was estimated at 720 tons, with China and the Republic of Korea solely responsible for approximately 73% of the total production in 2017 (Ober 2018). Large-scale applications and a high production volume of indium compounds increase the chances of human inhalation exposure, especially in occupational settings. Previous toxicity studies have suggested that pulmonary exposure to indium compounds causes progressive lung injuries, including pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), granulomatous inflammation, and fibrosis (Bomhard 2018; Jeong et al. 2016; Lison et al. 2009). However, there is little information about the toxicity of nanosized In2O3 particles on extrapulmonary organs.
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