Capsule Shell Manufacture
Larry L. Augsburger, Stephen W. Hoag in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 2017
Gelatin has been the material of choice since it was first mentioned in an addition to Lehuby’s patent in 1848. However, since that time, there has been a search for an alternative material for both types of capsule, prompted first by the need to avoid existing patents, and second to find a material that had more reproducible properties than gelatin made from natural materials and more recently to improve on the pharmaceutical properties of gelatin to meet current demands. Gelatin alternatives must possess similar properties, must be widely acceptable for use in foods and medicines, must gel on a mold pin to film caused by a temperature change to enable the same manufacturing machinery to be used with minor modifications, should be stable and nonreactive, and must have similar in vivo release properties. A variety of substances have been used: hypromellose, methyl cellulose, and pullulan.
Ophthalmic drugs
Mary E. Shaw, Agnes Lee in Ophthalmic Nursing, 2018
The following are used for dry eyes and must be used as often as is necessary to keep the eyes feeling comfortable. This may be as often as every hour. Once dry eyes have been diagnosed, the patient may need to continue to use tear-replacement drops for life: G. hypromelloseG. tears naturaleG. liquifilm tearsG. acetylcysteinG. viscotears (long-acting gel formulation)G. celuviscOc. lacri-lubeG. polyvinyl alcohol (Liquifilm Tears) (Sno Tears)G. povidone (Oculotec)
Acetylcysteine
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Acetylcysteine is a synthetic N-acetyl derivative of the endogenous amino acid L-cysteine, a precursor of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione. Acetylcysteine is used mainly as a mucolytic drug to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions, in the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, and as a protective agent for renal function in contrast medium-induced nephropathy. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. Acetylcysteine is essentially a prodrug that is converted to cysteine in the intestine and absorbed there into the blood stream. In combination with hypromellose eye drops, is commonly used to alleviate the chronic soreness associated with dry eyes (1, 2).
Development and characterization of ibuprofen co-crystals granules prepared via fluidized bed granulation in a one-step process – a design of experiment approach
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
V. Todaro, A. M. Healy
RS-IBU was purchased from Kemprotec Limited (Carnforth, UK). Nicotinamide (NIC) and isonicotinamide (INA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Wicklow, Ireland). HPLC grade acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Ethanol was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, Avicel® PH102) was a generous gift from FMC Health and Nutrition (Little Island, Ireland). Lactose (Lactohale® 200) was kindly donated by IMCD Ltd. (Dublin, Ireland). Hypromellose (HPMC, Pharmacoat® 606) was kindly donated from Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Kollidon® 25) was kindly donated by BASF (Cork, Ireland). Water was purified and filtered using an Elix 3 connected to a Synergy UV system (Millipore, Nottingham, UK).
Exploration of polymethacrylate and Hypromellose for the development of a non-sulfhydryl ACE inhibitor mucoadhesive system using Box-Behnken design: in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Saniya Jawed, Satish CS
It is clear from Eq. 1 that the presence of polymers affects the drug’s release. As we can see an increase in the concentration of EURLPO increases the drug release rate by 2.87-fold while with EURSPO and HPMCK15M an increase in concentration decreases the release of the drug by 2.94 and 1.14 times. So, for more sustained release EURSPO and HPMCK15M were required. The effect of polymers on mucoadhesive strength was shown in Eq.2 and it is visible that all three polymers were responsible for mucoadhesive properties with different potentials. One unit increase in the concentration of polymer results in the increase of mucoadhesion by 4.48, 2.24, and 21.21 folds by EURLPO, EURSPO, and HPMCK15M respectively. Henceforth purpose of taking Hypromellose has been justified as it provides the desired mucoadhesion to matrix tablets. Here, Y1 represents the drug’s percentage release at pH 6.8 after 5 h, and Y2 represents the mucoadhesive power of P1 tablets. Independent variables A, B, and C simulate the concentration of polymers in terms of coded values.
An up-to-date overview of sublingual sufentanil for the treatment of moderate to severe pain
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Susanna Porela-Tiihonen, Hannu Kokki, Merja Kokki
Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of sublingual sufentanil 30-mcg nanotablet is achieved at 60 minutes (tmax) and this is shortened to 40 minutes following repeated hourly dosing. Steady state after sublingual sufentanil 30-mcg nanotablets is achieved after seven hourly doses. Mean Cmax is 63 pg/mL after a single sublingual sufentanil 30-mcg tablet and that after the last 12 consecutive tablets 2.4-fold higher, 151 pg/mL. After a single sublingual sufentanil 30-mcg tablet, plasma concentrations reached the proposed analgesic threshold of sufentanil, 24 pg/mL [28], within 15–30 minutes as the citrate salt is readily soluble in aqueous media and sufentanil readily absorbed via the oral mucosa. Hypromellose is added as an excipient in order to improve the adhesion of tablets to the sublingual cavity [26,27].