Superficial Peeling
Antonella Tosti, Maria Pia De Padova, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Kenneth R. Beer in Acne Scars, 2018
α-hydroxy acids (AHAs) is a family of carboxylic acids consisting of glycolic, lactic, malic, oxalic, tartaric, and citric acid. Glycolic acid is the most popular AHA that is used as a peeling agent [8]. Superficial glycolic acid peels provide an overall improvement in the appearance of the skin with minimal post-peel recovery. The chemical effect of topical AHAs is to diminish corneocyte cohesion above the granular layer and diminish the quantity of desmosomes and tonofilament aggregates. This results in detachment of the stratum corneum with subsequent desquamation within 24 hours post-treatment [3]. In summary, AHAs such as glycolic acid result in thinning of the stratum corneum, promotion of epidermolysis, and dispersion of basal layer melanin [8]. Furthermore, increased secretion of interleukin-6 causes increases in dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression [1].
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
Donald Rudikoff, Steven R. Cohen, Noah Scheinfeld in Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Disorders, 2014
The epidermis of patients with IV exhibits decreased pliability and water-retentive properties resulting in a defective barrier. Adequate hydration increases pliability and facilitates desquamation of the stratum corneum, by increasing hydrolytic enzyme activity and assisting mechanical desquamative forces (Shwayder and Ott 1991, Okulicz and Schwartz 2003, Rubeiz and Kibbi 2003). The goal of therapy in IV is to alleviate symptoms of the disease through hydration, lubrication, and keratolysis (Rubeiz and Kibbi 2003). α-Hydroxy acids such as lactic, glycolic, or pyruvic acids hydrate the skin and promote desquamation by causing disaggregation of cells in the lower stratum corneum. When used twice a day, in a 12% ammonium lactate lotion or compounded at a concentration of 5–10% in a suitable vehicle, lactic acid has been shown to be more effective than petrolatum-based creams (Shwayder and Ott 1991, Okulicz and Schwartz 2003, Rubeiz and Kibbi 2003).
Cosmetic-Medical Treatments
Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto in Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
There are basic rules for the formulation of cosmetics and cosmeceuticals for the care of the cancer patient, which can be summarized as follows: Low number of ingredients in the formulation: this reduces the possibility of using potentially irritating ingredients.The excipients should be emollient due to the increased presence of dry and sensitive skin in this type of patient.The use of potentially irritating substances should be avoided (e.g., hydroxy acids, retinoids, the most common depigmenting agents, alcohol in high proportions, etc., are excluded).Known sensitizing agents and allergens, published in dermatological guidelines, should be excluded.Vasodilators and any type of skin sensory stimulants should also be excluded (with special caution for the use of essential oils).
Actinic keratosis and imiquimod: a review of novel carriers and patents
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Mandeep Sharma, Gajanand Sharma, Bhupinder Singh, O.P. Katare
Winkle and Osborne had filled a patent application for imiquimod formulations. The patent disclosed the method of enhancing the solubility of the drug by employing hydrogen bond forming compounds in 1:4 to 4:1 ratio and enhancing the stability with the help of polar organic solvents and polymers. The hydrogen compounds are selected from alpha-hydroxy acids, beta-hydroxy acids, alkyl-sarcosinates, anionic pegylated dimethicone derivatives, anionic oleyl ether surfactants, anionic laureth ether surfactants, cyclic acids, and cyclic acidic sugars. The organic solvent is selected from aprotic solvents, cyclic alcohols, short chain liquid alcohols, diols, triols, esters, ethers, pharmaceutical oils, and silicones, whereas polymer is chosen from cellulose derivatives, methacrylic acid copolymers, carbomers, pyrrolidone-containing polymers, polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block copolymers and polyvinyl alcohols. However, due to the failure of the applicant to file the request for examination, the application was deemed to be withdrawn [78].
Pharmaceutical, biomedical and ophthalmic applications of biodegradable polymers (BDPs): literature and patent review
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Barzan Osi, Mouhamad Khoder, Ali A. Al-Kinani, Raid G. Alany
Synthetic BDPs have been extensively investigated and used for various biomedical applications thanks to their good biocompatibility and controlled biodegradability properties. These applications include implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, carriers in drug delivery, and sutures and wound healing (Chaudhary and Garg 2015). Poly (α-hydroxy acids) are among the most extensively investigated BDPs for medicinal applications (Niemelä and Kellomäki 2011). They can easily be synthesised either by condensation or via ring-opening polymerisation (Lipsa et al. 2010). Bulk erosion usually takes place during the process of degradation of Poly (alpha-hydroxy acids) (Ginjupalli et al. 2017). The most common polymers in this category include Poly lactic Acid (PLA), Poly glycolic acid (PGA) and their copolymers Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). Among those, PGA was the first biomaterial utilised for offering resorbable sutures under the name DexonR™. However, the hydrophilicity nature of PGA limits its applications where its high degradation rate increases the acidity of the surrounding tissues which, in turn, causes local inflammation (Stewart et al. 2018).
Portulaca oleracea extract relieves skin barrier damage induced by increased photosensitivity after GA peeling
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Jing Wei, Qianghua Quan, Peiyu Wang, Yiming Wang, Tong Huo, Quan An
There are different kinds of acids used in chemical peeling, and alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are the most common. AHAs are natural substances extracted from various fruits, cane, yogurt, etc. In 1974, Scott and Yu1 reported that some AHAs have antikeratinogenic properties in patients with several types of ichthyosis. AHAs accelerate the shedding of stratum corneum cells by reducing adhesion and activating steroid sulfatase and serine proteases to degrade desmosomes, thereby speeding up the skin's metabolism2. In addition, their moisturizing and antioxidant properties have been described3. Besides epidermal effects, AHAs evoke dermal changes. Kim et al.4 performed in vitro studies using cultured human skin fibroblasts and showed a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation and collagen production. The effect on fibroblast proliferation is also documented in other literature5,6. Owing to these characteristics, AHAs can be used for the treatment of ichthyosis, keratosis, scars, rosacea, chloasma, and other pigmentation diseases7. AHAs have been used as therapeutic agents for nearly half a century and are still commonly used8,9. Glycolic acid (GA), an AHA that is mainly extracted from sugarcane, has the smallest molecular weight among AHAs and is the most commonly used chemical peeling agent because of its permeability10,11.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Alcohol
- Carboxylic Acid
- Citric Acid
- Functional Group
- Polyester
- Salicylic Acid
- Lactic Acid
- Glycolic Acid
- Hydroxybutyric Acid
- Β-Hydroxybutyric Acid