Climate change *
Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse in Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Our understanding of the role of climate change in the hydrological cycle is still developing. As more data becomes available, spatially and temporally, our understanding changes. Two key areas where our overall understanding has changed since AR4 are in river discharge and droughts. For river discharge, in AR4 it was concluded that global runoff increased during the 20th century. However, more recent work has identified many areas where streamflow has decreased making any overall trend hard to distinguish. This is further complicated by the anthropogenic changes that occur along rivers such as development of storages and withdrawals, and changes in the cryosphere.5 Shrinking glaciers and reduced snowfall are changing the seasonality of flows with the former increasing the spring and summer melt flows, and the latter contributing to lower spring melt flows.
Environment and health
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter in Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
By 2025, it is estimated that half the global population will live in water-stressed areas. The pressures come from population growth, increasing urbanization and intensification of agriculture. As in most adverse aspects of global health, the absence of safe, clean water is most strongly linked to poverty. Finding solutions (again in common with other global health areas) not only is about resources and infrastructure but also involves the complex mix of political, social, economic and cultural factors that determine how policy decisions are taken and how progress and development occur. Climate change is also an important part of the water health dynamic. Its precise points of impact are difficult to predict, because its effects on precipitation and the hydrological cycle are complex, but it will cause severe water shortages in some regions of the world. There are well-documented areas of water conflict, where disputes arise over water as a resource for both domestic use and irrigation.
Outdoor Emissions
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel in Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
Warming temperatures cause an intensification of the water cycle that increases the frequency of both droughts and floods and promotes storm formation. Hot temperatures increase the rate of evaporation of moisture in the soil, resulting in droughts. Warmer air also holds more moisture, leading to heavier precipitation and floods. Additionally, high sea surface temperatures increase wind velocities, which promotes storms. Tropical storms will only form in the presence of warm ocean waters of at least 26.5°C to a minimum depth of 50 m.38 The melting of sea ice and a rising sea level also increase the vulnerability of coastal areas to storm surges. The IPCC projects a rise in the sea level of 0.3–0.8 m by 2100 compared with 1986 to 2005 levels and a rise in sea surface temperatures by up to 2°C.5
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in fillet tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio): a systematic review, meta-analysis and risk assessment study
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Yadolah Fakhri, Babak Djahed, Ali Toolabi, Amir Raoofi, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Hadi Eslami, Mahmoud Taghavi, Mohammad reza Alipour, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
As species contaminate surface and groundwater resources as a result of natural processes such as dissolving minerals, chemical decomposition, as well as human activities such as electronics and metallurgy industries (Zaw and Emett 2002, Gholami et al. 2006, Uddin et al. 2006). As is mobile in the environment and this regard could penetrate into the hydrological cycle and food chain using different pathways such as rainfall (Mandal and Suzuki 2002). It is a toxic and accumulative substance and can inhibit SH-group enzymes (Ventura-Lima et al. 2011) which may cause dysfunction in the digestive system, liver cancer, shock leading to death, pulmonary and respiratory failures and kidney damage (Rahmani et al. 2010, Lee et al. 2014); it is also known as a carcinogenic substance that can cause bladder, lung and skin cancers (Shen et al. 2013).
Influence of lubricating conditions on the two-body wear behavior and hardness of titanium alloys for biomedical applications
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
The bite force occurring in the human cycle (50 N) was kept constant throughout the experiment using dead weight (5 kg). To ensure that the bite force touches the same area on the test sample in the chewing cycle, the liner roller was used in the show as Figure 1(d). The contact time of the biting force was determined by the Inductive proximity (Ø12mm, PNP switch transistor, IME12-04BPSZW25, Germany), a sensor during the chewing cycles (Figure 2b). Wear frequency through chewing cycles was calculated using the following formula. Figure 1(d)). The test specimens were immersed in a 5 °C distill cold fluid (artificial saliva or distilled water) bath for 30 s and then in a hot fluid bath for the same period (temperature transfer time about 0.92 s). In this study, the temperature change simulated intraoral tribology while the continuous water cycle (about 0.5 s) allowed the worn particles to be transported from the surface of the material during a two-body wear test. This process was controlled by a time-delayed circuit using solenoid valves on the programming logic controller (Figure 1(d)).
Investigation of two-body wear behavior of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramic for biomedical applications; in vitro chewing simulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Different wear mechanisms may occur on the teeth and dental materials during the chewing movement (such as two-body, fatigue, and corrosive wear mechanism). Direct contact with the teeth without any food particle contact between the wear mechanism two-body is called the wear mechanism. In the literature, in many studies, distilled water solution was preferred as the wear medium of in vitro chewing cycle tests (Hahnel et al. 2011; Koottathape et al. 2012; 2014; Osiewicz et al. 2015; Yilmaz and Sadeler 2018b). In this way, the effect of the lubricant medium on the material wear behavior has been tried to be eliminated. The validity of the results will be reduced because there is no specific geometry of the enamel and each material will not show the same mechanical and esthetic properties (Heintze et al. 2006). Therefore, the use of antagonist material with the same mechanical and aesthetic properties in all chewing tests will increase the validity of the results. In addition, the direct contact with the test mechanism is necessary, the particles that break from the wear area must be removed from the surface through chewing cycles. In this study, the temperature change simulated intraoral tribology while the continuous water cycle (about 0.5 seconds) allowed the worn particles to be transported from the surface of the material during two-body wear test. This process was controlled by a time-delayed circuit using solenoid valves on the programming logic controller (Figure 2d).
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