Iodine that sustains electronic and information materials
Tatsuo Kaiho in Iodine Made Simple, 2017
THABB synthesis is shown in the reaction formula. Synthesis consists of various processes, including introducing the side chain (R), creating a triphenylene ring and condensing them. Among these processes, demethylation reaction of hexamethyoxytriplenylene (HMT) is important. Only a small amount is needed, and reaction may proceed even with boron triboromide. However, this reagent is difficult to use in an industrial capacity due to reasons such as high cost, high level of corrosiveness, and susceptibility to decomposition with moisture in the air. Hydrobromic acid was also considered as an option, but reactivity was insufficient, and complete removal of the six methyl group to obtain a high-purity intermediate (HHT) was difficult. If a low-purity HHT is used to create THABB, orientation would be time consuming. At this point, hydrogen iodide (HI) was introduced. By demethylation with HI, highly pure THABB synthesis could be realized [23b,c].
Principles of Radioiodination and Iodine-Labeled Tracers in Biomedical Investigation †
Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti in Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
The heterogeneous exchange reaction R–H + I–I* = R–I* + HI has a theoretical maximum of 50% utilization of iodine. In the presence of oxidizing agents such as iodic acid, persulfate, hydriodic acid, or alkaline medium, iodine is consumed and the iodination reaction proceeds to the right. Radioiodine solution for protein labeling should not contain any stabilizer (for example, a reducing agent like sodium bisulfite) because the reducing agent might consume the active species and reduce the yield of radioiodination. Reductant-free radioiodide is commercially available, or it can be produced readily by adding a small amount of iodide carrier and hydrogen peroxide, acidifying, and distilling the iodine into dilute alkali in a glove box or a well-ventilated hood.
Oxime Research
Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry in Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
The possibility of a broad-spectrum reactivator is probably the most discussed factor. Every new oxime should be tested for its broad-spectrum potency. However, the probability of finding such an oxime is low. Alternately, we can use a combination of two oximes. Such an approach was already applied in the former Yugoslavia (Kovacevic et al., 1989a,b) two decades ago. Candidates for this approach could be oxime HI-6 and various other oximes that are applicable in the case of tabun and pesticide poisoning (Kassa et al., 2012).
Self-reported listening effort in adults with and without hearing loss: the Danish version of the Effort Assessment Scale (D-EAS)
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Oscar M. Cañete, Silje G. Nielsen, Eduardo Fuentes-López
A multivariate discriminant analysis was performed to determine the D-EAS score’s ability to differentiate across the four groups. The six items of the D-EAS were significant discriminators (p< .001) of the NH and HI groups. The canonical correlations showed that 86% of the variance were captured by retaining a single discriminant function (F= 5.49; p< .001). The standardised coefficients of each discriminant variable (6 items of the D-EAS) were obtained for each of the retained discriminant function. These coefficients were then used to estimate the relationship between variables and the discriminant function. For example, item 4 had a high coefficient (ß= 0.96), meaning that it plays an important role in discriminating across the four groups. This was also valid for items 2 (ß= 0.84) and 1 (ß= 0.83). Items 3 and 6 showed the lowest coefficients (ß= 0.50 and 0.59, respectively). These results were consistent with the response patterns observed across the four groups. While item 4 showed different scores in each group, item 3 showed low values across all groups (see Figure 1).
Update on non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae-mediated disease and vaccine development
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Farshid Jalalvand, Kristian Riesbeck
Of importance, the species is genetically diverse and the core-genome present in all strains consists of approx. 1485 genes, or about 75% of the genomic content of any given Hi isolate [6]. The pan- or supragenome of Hi has been calculated to contain approx. 4500 unique genes, and considering the fact that the pathogen is naturally competent, genetic exchange is likely to constantly occur between strains. The result of this is that NTHi, in contrast to the predominantly clonal encapsulated strains, is considerably more difficult to map epidemiologically. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial resistance profiling are currently still the methods of choice for this purpose [7], although identification via whole-genome sequencing most likely will become common in the future. Certain so-called sequence types are more virulent, as exemplified by the amoxicillin-resistant NTHi ST14 that possesses a mutated penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) and is associated with invasive disease, as well as outbreaks in nursing homes [8,9].
Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the Hattar industrial estate, Pakistan
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Shah Jehan, Seema Anjum Khattak, Said Muhammad, Rafiq Ahmad, Muhammad Farooq, Sardar Khan, Abdullah Khan, Liaqat Ali
This study concluded that industrial waste is the major source of HMs contamination in soil. Soil sampled from WWIAS and WDSS received solid waste and wastewater from industries that resulted in higher levels of HMs contamination. Higher contamination levels of HMs revealed multi-fold higher values of Cr, Co, Pb, and Cd in WDSS and Ni, Cu, and Zn in WWIAS. Highest ER values were found for Cd in the WDSS (44.3), followed by WWIAS (44.1) that showed the risk at a moderate level. Results revealed the highest HI values (4.4E–01) for Cr and lowest (2.1E–04) for Zn. Similarly, CR values were highest (9.8E–04) for Cr, followed by Cd and the lowest for Pb. Among human exposure routes, the major intake was observed through ingestion in children. Higher HMs intake and low body weight of children resulted in higher level of non-cancer, and CR values. These non-cancer and CR values were observed very close to safe level but if current practices continue, the HMs could cause hazardous health problems to exposed human population. Statistical analyses revealed that major source of HMs contamination in soils is industrial waste released into the surrounding environment without treatment.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diatomic Molecule
- Distillation
- Iodine
- Reducing Agent
- Nitrogen
- Hydrazine
- Hydroiodic Acid
- Acid Strength
- Iodide
- Dissociation