Opioids Analgesics and Antagonists
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Hydrocodone and codeine are structurally similar but it, is a weak µ receptor agonist. However, after its demethylation by hydrogen bromide (HBr), it results into hydromorphone, having a comparatively stronger affinity for µ opioid receptor (Otton et al., 1993). It also possesses unique anti-sedative effect owing to its affinity toward multiple opioid receptors (Poyhia et al., 1992). It is metabolized by two cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, that is, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which leads to synthesis of noroxycodone and oxymorphone metabolites, respectively, by demethylation (Prude Pharma, 2007). The drug hydrocodone and oxycodone are potent analgesics and are closer to morphine. They cause more respiratory depression and addiction liability than morphine, but ventricular standstill is resolved, preceded by nausea after first time oral administration of hydrocodone (Sudhakaran et al., 2014).
Long Lived and Unconventional PET Radionuclides
Martin G. Pomper, Juri G. Gelovani, Benjamin Tsui, Kathleen Gabrielson, Richard Wahl, S. Sam Gambhir, Jeff Bulte, Raymond Gibson, William C. Eckelman in Molecular Imaging in Oncology, 2008
Separation of the halogens from the target matrix has been performed by dry distillation using either a conventional oven (37,44,48,49) or an induction furnace (50). A review of the distillation methods and a report of an improved system was described by Glaser et al. in 2004 (6). The dry distillation method allows for multiple irradiations before the target needs replenishing with more Cu2Se or Cu2Te. The induction furnace apparatus consists of an upright bell-shaped quartz tube that is placed over the target, sealed and flushed with argon gas. A coil encircles the quartz tube and generates an radio frequency signal that is picked up by the tungsten disk. An electrical current is induced in the target, and the electrical resistance leads to the heating of the target. For the Cu2Se target, typically high-frequency 115 VAC is applied to the coil. The approximate temperature of the target material is determined with an infrared detector. As stated above, Szajek et al. have reported the production of 76Br by utilizing As(3He,2n)76Br reaction, and the isolation of the 76Br in this study was done by chromic acid oxidation followed by distillation of hydrogen bromide using a semi-remote apparatus (34).
-Glutamic Acid): Efficient Carrier of Cancer Therapeutics and Diagnostics
Mansoor M. Amiji in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
The benzyl protecting group in poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) is removed by treatment with hydrogen bromide. Researchers have also used alkaline hydrolysis of poly(l-methyl glutamate) to prepare PG; however, racemization occurred during this process.11 To avoid using harsh conditions for the removal of protecting groups, investigators have prepared glutamic acid NCAs having ester protecting groups that are labile under mild acidic conditions. For example, PG can be readily obtained from poly(γ-piperonyl-l-glutamate) by treating the polymer with trifluoroacetic acid.12
A novel redox/pH dual-responsive and hyaluronic acid-decorated multifunctional magnetic complex micelle for targeted gambogic acid delivery for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Mang Mang Sang, Fu Lei Liu, Yang Wang, Ren Jie Luo, Xiao Xian Huan, Ling Fei Han, Zhong Tao Zhang, Feng Feng, Wei Qu, Wenyuan Liu, Feng Zheng
Chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO, the average molecular weight =5 kDa, degree of acetylation >80%) (Rekha & Sharma, 2015) was purchased from the Dibai Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1-Hexadecanol (≥99.0%) and N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, ≥95%) was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid (DTDPA, 99%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI, 98%), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 98%), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 99%) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC, 95%), 2,4,6-trinitro-benzenesulfonicacid (TNBS), 1,10-phenanthroline (99%), glutathione (Reduced, 95%), Triethylamine and triphosgene were purchased from the Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methoxypolyethylene glycols(MEO-PEG-OH, the average molecular weight =2 kDa)was obtained from TCI development Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methanesulfonyl chloride was purchased from Shandong Western Asia Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. N6-Cbz-L-Lysine was purchased from Shanghai Shuya medical science and Technology Co., Ltd. Hydrogen bromide (HBr, 33 wt% in acetic acid) was obtained from Bailingwei reagent co., ltd.
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