Cannabinoids and the entourage effect
Betty Wedman-St. Louis in Cannabis, 2018
Monoterpenes are volatile, aromatic, colorless, and oily substances that are not soluble in water. This group includes limonene, linalool, α-pinene, β-myrcene, and humulene. Limonene has expectorant and sedative activity and demonstrated antineoplastic activity in pancreatic and breast cancer, in addition to a solvent of gallstones [27–29].Pinene is an irritant that is used in insecticides and as a bronchodilator in humans.Linalool is antiseptic and fungistatic with sedative properties [30].Myrcene occurs in highly fragrant plants and herbs (mango, hops, bay leaves) and provides a sedative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimutagenic benefit [31].Humulene is the essential oil in hops with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties.
Environmental Factors Impacting Bioactive Metabolite Accumulation in Brazilian Medicinal Plants
Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio in Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Light conditions can contribute to increase the production of essential oil of commercial medicinal and aromatic species. Ocimum spp. are generally characterized as rich in essential oils used in pharmaceuticals, fragrances and cosmetics. The major component in oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. is eugenol. In O. gratissimum, the essential oil yield per plant increased with light intensity as a function of increased leaf biomass, although this was not related to variation in trichome morphology, density or oil content (Fernandes et al., 2013). In contrast, Varronia curassavica Jacq., known as erva-baleeira, had increased essential oil content under higher irradiance in association with higher frequency of glandular trichomes (Feijó et al., 2014). Oil terpenes were differentially affected; although the concentration of caryophyllene derivatives increased with irradiance, α-humulene amount was unchanged.
Syzygium Aromaticum, Curcuma Longa, and Lavandula: Volatile Components and Antioxidant Activities
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
Odor components of LA and LX flowers in summer and autumn were identified by TD-GC-MS using PDMS/CAR-coated fiber. Linalool, terpinen-4-ol, β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, and α-ocimene were predominant components of LA and LX in both summer and autumn. α-Humulene was obtained from LA, and eucalyptol, camphor, borneol, and γ-cadinene were detected from LX. Limonene, cryptone, and bornyl acetate were obtained from LA in summer; hexyl acetate and α-terpinolen were obtained from LX in summer; and α-terpineol was obtained from LX in autumn. Lavandulyl acetate and trans-α-bergamotene were obtained in summer from both LA and LX (Table 6.5).
Lippia graveolens HBK oleoresins, extracted by supercritical fluids, showed bactericidal activity against multidrug resistance Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus strains
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Oscar de Jesús Calva-Cruz, Nallely S. Badillo-Larios, Antonio De León-Rodríguez, Eduardo Espitia-Rangel, Raúl González-García, Edgar Alejandro Turrubiartes-Martinez, Arnulfo Castro-Gallardo, Ana Paulina Barba de la Rosa
In addition to thymol and carvacrol, L. graveolens oleoresins collected in different areas, also share the presence of compounds, such as linalool, α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene (humulene), caryophyllene oxide, and humulene epoxide (Table 5). It has been demonstrated that eucalyptol showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various diseases, including respiratory, pancreatitis, colon damage, and neurodegenerative diseases [57]. The synergic of eucalyptol and terpinen-4-ol, have shown to have a stronger antimicrobial effect [58]. Terpineol has been an excellent bactericidal against S. aureus strains [6,10,59]. Humulene, a natural monocycle terpene, was able to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation and induced HCC apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo [60]. β-caryophyllene, a major plant volatile found in essential oils of many different spices and food plants, such as oregano, is a phytocannabionoid with a strong affinity to cannabinoid receptor type-2. The action of β-caryophyllene oxide could be partly based on its ability to disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential and to activate the initiator of caspases, but other mechanisms could be involved [61]. β-caryophyllene, humulene, and β-caryophyllene oxide presented anti-cancer properties [61,62].
Characterization of aerosols from hemp-derived pre-roll joints
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Hammad Irshad, Justyna Kulpa, Philip J. Kuehl, Tim Lefever, Jacob D. McDonald
Of the 19 terpenes analyzed in aerosol emissions, six (β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, linalool, δ-limonene, α-pinene, and terpinolene) were detectable in the raw material according to the third-party CoA (Table 1). The remaining 13 terpenes were either not listed on the CoA (–)-α-bisabolol, geraniol, (–)-guaiol, p-isopropyltoluene, (–)-isopulegol, β-myrcene, nerolidol, (–)-β-pinene), not detected (camphene, δ-3-Carene, ocimene, α-terpinene), or < LLOQ of the analytical assay (γ-terpinene). An additional eight terpenes were listed on the CoA as detectable at low levels (fenchone (<0.01 mg/g), borneol (0.01 mg/g)), not detected (eucalyptol) or < LLOQ (citral, caryophyllene oxide, menthol, sabinene, (+)-pulegone), but were not analyzed in aerosol emissions in the present study.
Comparative antidandruff efficacy of plant extracts prepared from conventional and supercritical fluid extraction method and chemical profiling using GCMS
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Ratish Chandra Mishra, Rosy Kumari, Jaya Parkash Yadav
In C. zeylanicum SFE extract a total of 15 phytochemicals were identified differing in retention time and percentage area (Table 4 and Figure 4). The most abundant compound was cinnamaldehyde or phenylpropanoid with an area of 75.58%. A variety of sesquiterpenes such as β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, α-muurolene, α-humulene or α-caryophyllene, α-cadinene, ß-bisabolene, cubenol, calamenene, muurolol, cadine-1,4-diene were also observed in the sample.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Caryophyllene
- Epoxide
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- Hops
- Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
- Spearmint