Neurobiological Changes as an Explanation of Benefits of Exercise
Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner in The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Animal studies have also shown that acute exercise has little positive effect on whole brain concentrations of NA. Meeusen and colleagues (see Meeusen & De Meirleir 1995; Meeusen et al. 2001), in very thorough systematic reviews, found either a decrease in NA concentrations or no significant effect. However, research has shown increased DA concentrations, particularly in the brainstem and hypothalamus, during and immediately following acute exercise (see Meeusen et al. 2001; Meeusen & De Meirleir 1995, for reviews). Despite this limited support for acute exercise-induced increases in brain concentrations of NA, animal studies have shown increases in brain concentrations of the NA metabolite 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in most brain regions (Meeusen et al. 2001). Similarly, increased concentrations of the DA metabolites 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 4-hydroxy 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, also known as homovanillic acid (HVA), have also been shown, particularly in the brainstem and hypothalamus (Meeusen et al. 1997). This is evidence of acute exercise-induced turnover of NA and DA in the brain.
Role of Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Diagnosis and Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas in Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Unprocessed oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates were detected in urine in patients with glycoproteinosis, Pompe’s disease and sialic acid storage diseases by MALDI-TOF-MS [81]. Urinary analysis of free oligosaccharides by MALDI/TOF/TOF aids the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders [82]. Using label-free quantitative proteomics, two potential markers, prosaposin, and GM2 activator protein (GM2AP), were identified in urine of pediatric patients for pre-symptomatic kidney disease in Type I diabetes and Fabry disease [83]. An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of homovanillic acid, VMA, orotic acid and homogentisic acid in urine has been developed [84]. Acylglycines are important metabolites for the diagnosis of a number of IEM. A UPLC/MS method was developed for the assay of acylglycines in urine samples [85]. Urinary steroids were analyzed in patients with 21 hydroxylase deficiency by GC-MS/MS. Many novel steroids some of which may be used as biomarkers were identified [86]. Large number of putative IEM markers was identified in urine by ESI-MS/MS technique by Rebollido-Fernandez et al. [87]. An analytical method for the detection of pterins in urine for the identification of both typical and atypical PKU has been described [88].
Biochemical Effects in Animals
Stephen P. Coburn in The Chemistry and Metabolism of 4′-Deoxypyridoxine, 2018
In a later study relating changes in brain amines to seizure activity, Sawaya et al.441 found that 60 min after intraperitoneal administration of 4′-deoxypyridoxine (250 mg/kg) to mice apparently receiving a normal B6 intake, dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase activity was reduced to 50% of control values. Failure to note this as a statistically significant decrease was probably a typographical error since the smaller decreases produced by thiosemicarbazide and methyldithiocarbazinate were designated as statistically significant. Addition of pyridoxal phosphate to the assay mixture restored activity to 97% of control values. Despite the drop in enzyme activity, dopamine concentrations in the brain were unaffected. After 60 min. norepinephrine concentrations decreased to 76% (p < 0.05) of control values and homovanillic acid increased to 126% (p < 0.05). The authors suggested that the increased homovanillic acid resulted from increased turnover of dopamine.
A novel idea for establishing Parkinson’s disease mouse model by intranasal administration of paraquat
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Yi-Bing Chen, Yan-Qiu Wang, Jia-Rong Wu, Yuan-Lu Cui
Mice were sacrificed and the striatums isolated immediately after brain harvesting, and then stored at −80°C for later examination. Next, the striatums were homogenized in ice-cold 0.4 M perchloric acid by ultrasonication for 10 seconds and set aside for 60 minutes. The homogenates were then centrifuged at 12,000 × g at 4°C for 20 minutes. The supernatants were then collected and an equal volume of mobile phase added for stable detection. The homogenates were then centrifuged at 12,000 × g at 4°C for 20 minutes and the supernatants collected for analysis. The levels of DA and its metabolites, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in striatum were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Waters 2695, USA) with an electrochemical detector (EDC) (Waters 2465, USA).
The effect of acid use as a preservative on the results of biochemical tests measured in 24-h urine
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Ceylan Bal, Canan Topcuoğlu, Ahmet Rıfat Balık, Fatma Meriç Yılmaz, Özcan Erel, Gülsen Yılmaz
In this study, we compared the sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, amylase, calcium, creatinine, phosphorus, microalbumin, protein, magnesium, urea, uric acid, adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, metanephrine, normetanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) results of 24-h urine samples analyzed immediately without acid addition, which we accepted as the reference and baseline measurement, with the results of the samples analyzed after waiting for 24 h without acid addition, analyzed immediately with acid addition and analyzed after waiting for 24 h with acid addition. Thus, we aimed to investigate different 24 h-urine collection approaches, which are still a concern, in the 24-h urine collection process such as the necessity and timing of acid added as a preservative specifically for high-demand analytes measured in 24-h urine samples.
Incidental neuroblastoma with bilateral retinoblastoma: what are the chances?
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2018
Kelsey Roelofs, Furqan Shaikh, William Astle, Brenda L. Gallie, Sameh E. Soliman
On staging MRI of the orbit and brain, there was no evidence of optic nerve involvement, extraocular spread, or pineal gland or suprasellar lesions. However, subtle bilateral leptomeningeal enhancement of questionable significance within the parieto-occipital lobes was noticed, prompting proceeding to whole body MRI, to rule out metastatic disease. Whole body MRI and abdominal ultrasonography identified a retroperitoneal midline mass (Figure 1), partially encircling the aorta. Laparoscopic biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of localized neuroblastoma, with favorable histology, and no MYCN amplification. There was no family history of neuroblastoma. Lumbar puncture and bone marrow biopsy were negative for malignancy. Urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels were slightly elevated. The neuroblastoma was considered “low risk” that did not necessarily require systemic chemotherapy.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Enzyme
- Metabolite
- Monoamine Oxidase
- Reagent
- Catecholamine
- Dopamine
- Brain
- Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
- Psychiatry
- Neuroscience