Biomolecular markers and physical measures in the urogenital area
Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach in The Vulva, 2017
Histamine is derived from the decarboxylation of the amino acid histidine, and has been found to mediate a wide variety of biological processes (15,16). It is commonly associated with inflammatory and allergic reactions. When tissues are inflamed or stimulated by exposure to allergens, local mast cells release histamine and, once released, histamine induces excitation of a subset of unmyelinated C-fibers, resulting in itch (17). Further, histamine is known as a common cause of pruritus or itch. A dose-dependent cause-and-effect relationship between histamine and itching has been demonstrated many times using a variety of test methods. However, histamine has a wide variety of other biological effects, including as a neurotransmitter and in the stimulation of smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, and exocrine secretions (16).
Scombrotoxin
Dongyou Liu in Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
A high concentration (>500 ppm) of free histidine is required in the fish in order for histamine to be formed. Therefore, fish that have relatively high levels of histamine in their flesh are most commonly associated with SFP. Table 99.2 shows the free histidine content of common scombrotoxin-forming fish. In the United States, tuna (60%), mahi-mahi (18%), escolar (9%), and marlin (3%) were the most reported sources of SFP between the years of 1998 and 2015 (23). In a report by World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO), tuna (33%), billfish (18%), mackerel (13%), yellowtail (10%), pacific saury (9%), sardine (8%), horse mackerel (3%), and mahi-mahi (3%) were the most frequent species implicated in SFP outbreaks throughout the world (24). In addition to histidine concentration, histamine formation is induced by low pH and absence of histamine (10,11). For example, the induction of the histidine decarboxylase (hdc) gene from M. morganii was increased by 100-fold at pH 4.5 compared to pH 7, and by fivefold in the presence of higher histidine concentration (10). Similarly, the expression of the hdc gene from P. damselae subsp. damselae was significantly increased at pH 4.5 compared to pH 7.5 and in the presence of free histidine (11). Histidine content differs within a single species of fish, and may even differ with stage of reproduction (25). Histamine formation in the fish is, therefore, not uniform and can depend on species, time of harvest, and location of the fish.
Beta-alanine supplementation IN SPORT, EXERCISE AND HEALTH
Jay R Hoffman in Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Histidine containing dipeptides, including carnosine are abundant in meat and poultry. As such, an important determinant of muscle carnosine in humans is the dietary intake of histidine containing dipeptides from an omnivorous diet (71). These dipeptides are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids of beta-alanine and histidine by carnosinases in the gastrointestinal tract (3) and blood (110), before being taken up into muscle via transporters and synthesized in skeletal muscle in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carnosine synthetase (83) (Figure 6.1, Panel A). The influence of histidine containing dipeptides from the diet on muscle carnosine content is demonstrated by the fact that vegetarians, whose only source of beta-alanine is the endogenous production that occurs through hepatic degradation of uracil (64), have been shown to have a significantly lower muscle carnosine content compared to their omnivorous counterparts (61). Beta-alanine is present in meat and fish products, although large quantities would be required to substantially increase the muscle carnosine pool. For example, 200 g of chicken breast contains the approximate equivalent to an 800 mg dose of beta-alanine. Therefore, supplementation with beta-alanine is the most effective method by which to increase muscle carnosine content.
Cell penetrating peptides: the potent multi-cargo intracellular carriers
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Kimia Kardani, Alireza Milani, Samaneh H. Shabani, Azam Bolhassani
An ideal DDS should specifically penetrate into the target cells, and accumulate in the specific tissue [122]. CPPs are effective tools for drug delivery into cells, but they do not have specificity to cell type [126]. Most CPPs were nonspecifically linked to membranes of all cell types due to overall expression of heparin sulfate proteoglycan [149]. Recent efforts were performed using the activatable CPPs (ACPPs), the stimuli-responsive CPPs, and the specific localization sequences to deliver toward the proper cellular organelles [148]. There are different subcellular localization sequences with distinct properties that target a cytosolic protein to a specific organelle such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast [230]. Recent use of CPPs was focused on development of NLS, pH/temperature-sensitive targeted delivery, and synergistic effects of targeting ligands and CPPs [97]. In fact, some nanoparticle delivery systems were designed to activate CPPs, and drug release under specific conditions such as hyperthermy (40–42◦C), low pH (< 6), light (UV), and interaction with specific enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases, thrombin, and legumain) in tumor tissue [5]. Among amino acids used in CPPs, histidine is an essential amino acid with a protonable imidazolyl group which is needed for many enzymatic activities. For example, the replacement of tryptophan (W) by histidine (H) in the antimicrobial peptide sequence R2W2RW2R2 increased the antibacterial activity [240].
Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolidinedione derivatives with high ligand efficiency to P. aeruginosa PhzS
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Thamires Quadros Froes, Bianca Trindade Chaves, Marina Sena Mendes, Rafael Matos Ximenes, Ivanildo Mangueira da Silva, Priscila Brandão Gomes da Silva, Julianna Ferreira Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Marcelo Santos Castilho
Chemical formula: C14H9NO3S; MW 271.0303; mz 271.0303. (100%); Yield: 69%; MP 194–195 °C; Rf. 0.49 (0.96:0.04, CHCl3:MeOH). Infra-red (KBr, cm−1): 1754 (C=O4), 1676 (C=O2); 1615 (C=C). NMR 1H (300 MHz, CDCl3 300 MHz (δ ppm): 12.32 (s 1H (NH); 8.21 (s 1H, CH=); 5.37 (s 1H, OH); 7.78 (dd CH J = 7.1, 1.5); 7.52 (dd, H1; H3) J = 7.59; 1.5). 7.43 (dd J = 7.2, 1.5). 7.42 (dd J = 7.4, 1.51); 7.42, (dd J = 7.4, 1.51); 8.01 dd (J = 7.1; 1.5). 7.76 (d 1H, (J = 7.1); 6.97 (d 1H, J = 7.0). NMR 13C (CDCl3) (DEPT (75.4 MHz): δ ppm: 167.51 (C=O2); 166.38 (C=O4) 117.06 C=C; 143.79 CH=; 155.3 C–OH; 120.0; 130.0 128.4; 130.1; 127.5, 123.5; 127.0; 122.8 128.7 Ar.). HRMS+, 271.0303 (100%). Calculated, 271.0299 found.
Application of metabolomics to preeclampsia diagnosis
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2018
Although the etiology of PE remains unclear, the coagulation and angiogenic pathways are dysfunctional in PE (Manten et al. 2003; Williams et al. 2007; Kårehed et al. 2010). One of important proteins that is involved in angiogensis is histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) (Simantov et al. 2001). A decreased level of this protein that can be incorporated in coagulation system and angiogenic pathway has been reported in patients with PE (Bolin et al. 2011). In agreement with these findings, metabolomic studies showed elevated excretion of histidine in urine and the levels of this metabolite decreased in serum of PE patients (Austdal et al. 2014, 2015a). Of note, two types of histidine (histidine in glycoproteins and free histidine) are different, but their metabolism can be relevant.