Phytoconstituent-Loaded Nanomedicines for Arthritis Management
Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi in Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Green synthesis refers the process which uses natural source agents (plant, bacteria, fungi, etc.). As well, all know that plants are sustainable resources in nature and hence may be explored in the green synthesis of nanoparticles and other nanosystems along with these factors like wide distribution, easy availability and reproducibility make them a better candidate for nanomedicines. The green chemistry is an alternative approach to formulate biocompatible nanoparticles by a chemical process and represents the anchor between two emerging specializations such as material science and biotechnology (Nanobiotechnology). Green synthesis is the method of synthesizing nanoparticles from herbal resources. Several metallic nanoparticles using herbal bioactives have been synthesized by this process (Table 8.2). The metal nanoparticle-herb combination may show better efficacy against different inflammatory conditions.
Green Nanoparticles
Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi in Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes and incorporates the main principles and concepts of green chemistry and green engineering in the design and development of green nanomaterial production methods for application in various areas (Verma et al., 2019). This has afforded researchers the opportunity to render nanotechnology less toxic throughout its life cycle and make safer and more sustainable. Green nanotechnology mainly targets reduction of waste gas emission, decreased consumption of non-renewable raw materials and increased energy efficiency. The green synthesis methods provide alternative approaches to chemical and physical methods. The green approach avoids the use of harmful and toxic chemicals as well as the need for expensive chemicals, affording an environment-friendly method of nanoparticles synthesis.
Small Molecules: Process Intensification and Continuous Synthesis
Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha in Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
The 12 principles of green chemistry, when combined with bespoke production requirements, comprise an excellent starting point with respect to optimization of chemical reactions. Tucker of Pfizer has made a similar analysis indicating how the principles align with an overall cost reduction strategy for pharmaceuticals.13 These green chemistry concepts have now made their way to implementation further upstream in the API discovery and development process, as medicinal chemists now have begun to apply the principles of green chemistry. Initially, these approaches were based on replacement of solvents, but have now branched out into reagent selection,14 and this example showed that medicinal chemists at Pfizer were able to implement greener oxidation reagents via use of a selection guide. A learning from this report is that chemists and engineers will utilize tools that facilitate green chemistry-based process intensification when they are available. This trend shows the utility of developing systematic approaches to green chemistry-based process intensification strategies at an early point in the discovery-development process, where previously medicinal chemists relied on traditional techniques which were familiar to them.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles toward bio and medical applications: review study
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Younes Ghasemi, Amir Atapour, Ali Mohammad Amani, Amir Savar Dashtaki, Aziz Babapoor, Omid Arjmand
Green chemistry has appeared as a novel concept for development and implementation of chemical processes in order to decrease or remove the use of hazardous substances. Compared with the use of plant extracts, biosynthesis of Ag NPs using microorganisms requires a precise process of cultivating and maintaining microbial cells, which in some cases can be pathogenic to humans. The ease of handling, the availability and a broad viability of metabolites are among the advantages of using plant extracts. Due to the broad availability of plant extracts as well as a wide range of biodegradable biologically active metabolites, biosynthesis of nanoparticles from plant extracts is receiving great interest. In a recent study, green synthesized nanoparticles were tested and analysed to find better response at antibacterial and anticancer effects. Some plants such as Artemisia vulgaris, Andrographis echioides, Prosopis cineraria, Ficus benghalensis, Nigella sativa,and etc were used and analysed by methods described above. They were choose due to their special effect on antibiotic resistant drugs, cancer and some other diseases that were mentioned. There are certain results that showed the superiority of green synthesized nanoparticles from plants and other biological sources over chemical drugs. Silver ions and silver compounds have been consumed as antimicrobial agents for decades in different fields due to their potent antimicrobial effect.
Arabian Primrose leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their industrial and biomedical applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Shruti Nindawat, Veena Agrawal
Generally metal nanoparticles are synthesised using physical (ultrasonication, microwave assisted, irradiation, electrochemical techniques) and chemical methods (chemical reduction, inert condensation, photochemical reduction, sol gel method) [2]. In order to reduce the usage of hazardous chemicals, global, concerted and sustained efforts are being made following the principles of green chemistry. In green synthesis, metal salt is allowed to react with biological extracts of bacteria, algae, fungi, or plants. Plant extracts are favoured over microbial extracts because microbes mediated synthesis require highly aseptic conditions and elaborate process of maintaining cell cultures whereas, plant extract mediated synthesis is non-biohazardous. Plant extracts contain primary and secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, polysachharides, proteins, etc.) which reduce Ag+, forms a coating over the nanoparticles and helps in their stabilisation. Different parameters such as pH, temperature, time required for reaction, plant extract and metal salt concentration, significantly influence size, shape, morphology, yield and agglomeration state of AgNPs [3].
Prolonged inhibitory effects against planktonic growth, adherence, and biofilm formation of pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia using a novel polyamide/silver nanoparticle composite-coated endotracheal tube
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Sakkarin Lethongkam, Chalongrat Daengngam, Chittreeya Tansakul, Ratchaneewan Siri, Apisit Chumpraman, Manthana Phengmak, Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
In global attempts to reduce generated harmful chemical waste, green chemistry is attractive in the science and medical fields. A promising water-based technique to produce an AgNP-polymer composite, by reducing Ag ions with gallic acid and loading into polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel has been reported (Loo et al. 2014). Previous work reported green-synthesis of AgNPs using an Eucalyptus citriodora leaf extract exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity (Paosen et al. 2017) with no cytotoxic effects on human lung epithelial cells (Wintachai et al. 2019) or human red blood cells (Paosen et al. 2019). These AgNPs are highly compatible with a hydrophilic polymer matrix, allowing a water-processable technique to effectively incorporate the nanoparticles into polyelectrolyte multilayered film, which form an antibacterial biofilm layer on the ETT surface (Daengngam et al. 2019). However, these highly hydrophilic polymer matrices may encounter a high level of water absorption during use, which would result in degraded mechanical stability and accelerated silver release.
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