Anti-Aging and Regenerative Medicine
Aruna Bakhru in Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
This theory is based on Dr. Johan Bjorksten's cross-linking theory which suggested that many chemical reactions were based on free radicals (molecules with a highly reactive single electron). However, glycation occurs due to more basic chemical reactions and is a key process that causes aging of the organs (Kugler 2013). The destructive process of glycation involves cross-linking of proteins and sugars forming advanced glycation end products; it occurs in each body organ, for example, cataract in the eyes, reduced kidney functions, wrinkling of skin, aged pancreatic functioning causing diabetes, and so on. Fructose is reported to cause 7 times more glycation than glucose. Apart from protein glycation, this destructive process can also occur with lipids (fats), causing increased aging in people with type 2 diabetes. Glycation has also been linked with atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, and other diseases affecting the kidney (Galkina and Ley 2009, Srikanth et al. 2011, Ulrich and Cerami 2001).
Impact of Dietary Polyphenols on Arterial Stiffness
Catherina Caballero-George in Natural Products and Cardiovascular Health, 2018
In a recent review on polyphenols with antiglycation activity, Yeh et al. reported on the antiglycation potential of different polyphenol classes. The number of -OH groups seems important for the activity. Simultaneous use of multiple polyphenol types could add to their efficacy (Yeh et al., 2017). This is also illustrated by the in vitro antiglycation activity of an olive leaf extract and two characterized fractions. Both inhibition of early and advanced-stage glycation was observed. However, each fraction separately was not able to show the same activity, indicating that compounds from both fractions are necessary for the effect. Hydroxytyrosol in synergy with minor compounds with similar polarity seemed responsible for the activity in a hepatic cell line (Navarro and Morales, 2017; Navarro et al., 2017).
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Plant extracts are known to inhibit protein glycation that occurs during the AGE process. Polyphenols are thought to play a role in inhibiting protein glycation. Experimental studies using herbs and spices have identified particular spices and herbs that can inhibit AGE formation. In a study comparing common culinary herbs and spices, phenolics from spices were found to inhibit AGE, measured by index of albumin glycation, formation more than herbs (Dearlove et al., 2008). The most potent inhibitors included extracts of cloves, ground Jamaican allspice, and cinnamon. Potent herbs tested included sage, marjoram, tarragon, and rosemary. Overall, the concentration of phenolics that inhibited glycation by 50% was typically 4–12 g/mL.
Proteomics and personalized medicine: a focus on kidney disease
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Justyna Siwy, Harald Mischak, Petra Zürbig
For the treatment of DKD, the most prominent CKD, several treatment options are available. However, the complexity of the DN requires a complex therapy. The goals of the therapy on a molecular level are the reduction of fibrosis and inflammation, especially the reduction of (oxidative) stress and glycation. Fibrosis is partly due to pressure and therefore a pressure relief has an anti-fibrotic effect. Treatments with angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and further the reduction of aldosterone are approaches to reduce fibrosis in the kidney. The reduction of glycation is aimed at by keeping the blood sugar level as low as possible. This should be done more intensively, if the the risk of DN is higher. Reduction of glycation also has beneficial effects on inflammation and fibrosis [50]. Here, new classes of antidiabetic drugs have been described: Sodium dependent glucose transporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Recent studies have shown that treatment with all these antidiabetic drugs also significantly reduced the risk of DKD [51–53].
Role of advanced glycation end products and insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Kirti Parwani, Palash Mandal
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an adaptive response in cells under environmental stress and participate in renal diseases. AGEs dose-dependently decreased mesangial cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. AGEs also induced ER stress signals in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Advanced glycation end products are one of the important factors contributing to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders like obesity, diabetes mellitus along with various diabetic complications, renal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, PCOS and neurodegenerative disorders (Barlovic et al. 2010, Diamanti-Kandarakis et al. 2005, Li et al. 2012, Uribarri et al. 2007). Since AGEs are known to modify the structure of proteins and components of extracellular matrix-like collagen and elastin, they may also lead to misfolding of such proteins. Under such prevailing conditions in a cell, ER stress is generated, which further leads to unfolded protein response (UPR) (Kaufman 2002), which may further lead to apoptosis of a cell. Also, there are various growing evidences that suggest ER stress being one of the ways by which AGEs can induce the alternate way of activating NF-kB and apoptosis in podocytes of the kidneys, endothelial cells and hepatocytes (Sanchez-Niño et al. 2010).
Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and toxicogenomic effects of dihydroxyacetone in human primary keratinocytes
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2021
Anneliese Striz, Ana DePina, Robert Jones, Xiugong Gao, Jeffrey Yourick
The formation of AGEs in vitro has also been reported in several studies examining the effects of DHA. AGEs have also been studied as a byproduct of the ageing process and have been shown to accumulate in skin23. Glycation can affect many intracellular processes including protein–protein interactions, substrate–enzyme interactions, DNA–protein interaction, and DNA regulation. In keratinocytes, the interaction between AGEs and RAGEs has been shown to increase ROS production, apoptosis, and senescence and decreased proliferation23. In our study, DHA induced the formation of the AGE CML. CML adducts accumulate with ageing and in several pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and uraemia. CML was the first glycoxidation product discovered and like other AGEs, is known to induce inflammation and oxidative stress24. The combination of cyclin and CDK mRNA dysregulation and increased CML formation suggest DHA could influence cell cycle regulation in exposed epidermal cells.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Amadori Rearrangement
- Diabetes
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Glucose
- Glycosylation
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
- Lipid
- Post-Translational Modification