Functional Foods
Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi in Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Garcinia plant genus belongs to Clusiaceae family, which includes Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica Garcinia mangosteen and has been used a flavoring agent for many years in Asia. Garcinia contains a significant amount of Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which is highly recommended to lose excessive fat (anti-obesity). HCA is reported to enhance fat oxidation (β-oxidation) by reducing cytosolic malonyl-CoA (Semwal et al., 2015). A clinical trial has proved that HCA supplementation could mitigate the de-novo lipogenesis process and thus decrease the lipid profile (Westernterp-Plantenga and Kovacs, 2002). HCA has been recognized for its ergogenic property owing to its lipolysis or fat oxidation activity (glycogen sparing property) and thus improve the endurance capacity in athletes. Lim and his co-workers (2002) demonstrated that intake of HCA would lead to a marked decrease in RQ and energy expenditure during moderate exercise. Similarly, another study also showed that ingestion of HCA in athletes can significantly improve the fat oxidation and thus reduce RQ with increased VO2 max level (Tomita et al., 2003). However, more studies are required to confirm or support the ergogenic property of HCA on endurance athletes.
Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Ilex aquifolium (European Holly)
Azamal Husen in Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Garcinia indica (Indian mangosteen; Kokum), a native plant of India, is a slow-growing tree with horizontal, drooping branches and grows up to 15 m height, and it belongs to the Guttiferae family. The leaves or oval or elliptical with a length of 5–10 cm and dark green in color. The hermaphroditic or gynodioecious flowers are fleshy and dark pink, which may be solitary or clusters containing 4 sepals and petals. The fruits are round or oval, which occurs as green when raw and turns red or purple when fully ripe (Figure 22.1A). The fruits with whitish pulp are sour to taste containing 3–8 seeds, which accounts for one-quarter of the fruit weight (Janick and Paull, 2008; Nayak et al., 2010a; Baliga et al., 2011; Khare, 2011; Ananthakrishnan and Rameshkumar, 2016).
Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter in Medicinal Plants, 2023
The Garcinia cambogia is a fruit that belongs to the family Guttiferae. It is commonly known as brindle berry, brindall berry, garcinia, malabar tamarind, gambooge, gorikapuli, uppagi, garcinia kola, mangosteen oil tree and distributed all throughout South East Asia including India. The fruit rinds contain hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which helps in weight loss by reducing fat production and suppressing appetite. Garcinia is also rich in citrine (an extract with 50–60% HCA) which inhibits an enzyme that helps the body manufacture fat for storage in adipose tissue. HCA produce energy, inhibits lipogenesis, reduces the production of cholesterol and fatty acids, enhances the production of glycogen in the liver, and reduces appetite (Sethi et al., 2011). Garcinia cambogia derived hydroxycitric acid extract effects the liberation and availability of 5-HT, which is responsible for controlling appetite (Ohia et al., 2002).
Use and perceived effectiveness of complementary medicines for weight loss in adult women
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2023
J Bussicott, R Patel, J Pellow, RK Razlog
Garcinia cambogia and its main active constituent, hydroxycitric acid, are a popular ingredient found in many CM weight-loss products and have been extensively studied in relation to weight control. Hydroxycitric acid influences weight loss through appetite suppression via serotonin level regulation and metabolic modifications that promote energy expenditure.26 A review article by Fassina et al.27 showed that, although the evidence is contradictory, various studies have produced positive findings of promoting weight loss by suppressing the appetite and enhancing lipogenesis, as well as lowering cholesterol and glucose levels. The results of these studies are difficult to compare as they are heterogeneous in their methodologies (i.e. population groups tested, dosages given and duration of treatment), therefore the exact amount of weight loss that can be expected to be achieved is difficult to quantify. While Garcinia cambogia supplements appear to be safe in the vast majority of these studies, adverse effects have been reported, with the most significant being the potential for hepatotoxicity.27Garcinia cambogia might interact with anti-diabetic drugs, antidepressants and CYP2B6 substrate drugs, including antimalarials, antivirals, analgesics, anticonvulsants and anti-tumour medications.28 Further investigations are therefore needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this supplement for weight loss.
Influence of a Novel Food-Grade Formulation of Red Chili Extract (Capsicum annum) on Overweight Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Ashil Joseph, MSc, Febi John, PhD, Jestin V. Thomas, MSc, Syam Das, PhD Sivadasan, Balu Maliakel, PhD, Ratheesh Mohan, PhD, Krishnakumar I. M.
Natural compounds or extracts having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thermogenic, lipolytic and hypolipidemic activities as well as the inhibitors of lipogenesis and adipogenesis have shown to be of great therapeutic importance in weight management (Karri et al. 2019). Calcium and potassium salts of hydroxy citric acids derived from Garcinia combogia have been reported as the inhibitors of lipogenesis to prevent the conversion of carbohydrates to fat (Heymsfield et al. 1998). Phytonutrients like resveratrol, genistein, catechins, ginseng root extract and p-synephrine in bitter orange were shown to offer some benefits in obesity due to their antioxidant effects (Stohs et al. 2012; Mousavi et al. 2019). Capsaicinoids, the pungent principles of Chili pepper (Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens), is yet another substance that has been demonstrated to possess various pharmacological activities including fat metabolism (lipolysis), adipogenesis, energy-burning (thermogenesis), anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects beneficial for weight management (Janssens et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015; Clark and Lee 2016).
Protective effect of standardised fruit extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy against ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions in Wistar rats
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2021
Prakash Chandra Gupta, Ashish Kar, Nisha Sharma, Prashant Kumar Singh, Naba Kumar Goswami, Satyanshu Kumar
According to the findings, GCE in comparison to the conventional antiulcer therapies may be a better alternative treatment, since herbal drugs including GCE have fewer side effects, are less expensive, and can scavenge free radicals. While conventional treatments are associated with various side effects including relapse of the disease as described in Table 1 and are often expensive for the poor rural populations [61]. Numerous studies have shown that the efficacy of herbal remedies is similar to or better than that of drugs like ranitidine or omeprazole in humans and animal models [10,12]. This was further confirmed through the present study carried out, where the efficacy of GCE for the reduction in gastric lesions was comparable to standard antiulcer drug ranitidine. Toxicity studies on Garcinia showed that it is safe for human ingestion, with a wide margin of safety [62]. Although herb-drug interactions have raised safety concerns and some herbs can cause side effects [63] but according to the available literature, no interactions of Garcinia with other co-administered drugs have been reported so far.
Related Knowledge Centers
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