Supercritical Fluid Manufacture
Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha in Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
where V is the total volume of the system, Z is the compressibility coefficient, and ni is the number of moles of component i. To determine the fugacity coefficient using the mixing rule in Equation (13.4), the cubic equation of state is applied. Since the solvent (scCO2) is not dissolved in a solid, fugacity is defined as:
Techniques for Assessing the Health Risks of Dermal Contact with Chemicals in the Environment
Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach in Health Risk Assessment, 2017
In a recent paper, McKone (1990) described a generic model for predicting the dermal bioavailability of various industrial chemicals on soil. The approach was based, in part, on fugacity. McKone correctly noted that:
Immunotoxic effects of metal-based nanoparticles in fish and bivalves
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Sara Rastgar, Rashid Alijani Ardeshir, Helmut Segner, Charles R. Tyler, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Youji Wang, Amir Parviz Salati, Abdolali Movahedinia
A key factor concerning the potential for chemicals to induce adverse effects is related to their bioavailability. This is dependent on several factors including the exposure concentration (that will be affected by the various transformation processes that may occur in the environment), and the uptake routes into the organism model developed for understanding the dynamics of bioavailability of chemicals (have been built upon considerations of fugacity-driven thermodynamic equilibration, typically quantified based on equilibrium partitioning and bioaccumulation coefficients) (Hamelink et al. 1994). However, the bioaccumulation models developed for conventional chemicals do not apply in the case of NPs (Petersen et al. 2019).
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