Psoriasis of the Nails
John Y. M. Koo, Ethan C. Levin, Argentina Leon, Jashin J. Wu, Mark G. Lebwohl in Mild to Moderate Psoriasis, 2014
Numerous case series have shown that daily topical 1%–5% 5-fluorouracil is effective for the treatment of psoriatic nails, with improved pitting, subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, and oil spots [106,107]. Fluorouracil is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthetase, leading to a decrease in cellular proliferation. Using the low-dose formulation of the drug in a delayed nail penetration vehicle such as urea or propylene glycol enhances penetration [108]. Like most agents that interfere with DNA synthesis, it is pregnancy category X. Most studies have shown localized irritation with occlusive dressings as the most serious adverse effect. However, there is one report of transient rhabdomyolysis occurring after the use of topical 5-fluorouracil [109].
Non-melanoma skin cancer
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2014
Surgery is the treatment of choice if possible.265,266 Wide local excision is required, and extensive disease requires plastic surgical reconstruction and, in the peri-anal area, abdominoperineal resection may be required. Local recurrence is a major problem because of the difficulty in accurately identifying the extent of occult disease in a multi-centric process within the skin, as well as accurately identifying spread into the anal canal. Local recurrence rates of 31%–61% for surgery have been reported.267 Mohs’ micrographic surgery has lower recurrence rates of 23%–33%.267 Topical fluorouracil before and in addition to surgery has been advocated. Imiquimod has been used in a similar way as monotherapy and in combination with surgery to try to reduce the extent of excision.268 RT is an effective treatment but has mainly been reserved for patients unfit for surgery, and for those with recurrent disease or those who decline surgery.265 A minimum dose of >50 Gy using a single appositional field is recommended.265,269
Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Pat Price, Karol Sikora in Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Evidence to guide treatment is limited to small case series. Surgery is the treatment of choice if possible.6,279 Wide local excision is required; extensive disease requires plastic surgical reconstruction, and in the peri-anal area, abdominoperineal resection may be required. Local recurrence is a major problem because of the difficulty in accurately identifying the extent of occult disease in a multicentric process within the skin as well as accurately identifying spread into the anal canal. Local recurrence rates of 31–61% for surgery have been reported.280 Mohs’ micrographic surgery has lower recurrence rates of 23–33%.280 Topical fluorouracil before and in addition to surgery has been advocated. Imiquimod has been used in a similar way as monotherapy and in combination with surgery to try to reduce the extent of excision.281 Photodynamic therapy has been used, with small case series reporting responses.282,283 RT is an effective treatment but has mainly been reserved for patients unfit for surgery and for those with recurrent disease or who decline surgery.278 A minimum dose of >50 Gy using a single appositional field is recommended.279,284
Extraction and chemical characterization of novel water-soluble polysaccharides from two palm species and their antioxidant and antitumor activities
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Dawood H. Dawood, Mohamed S. Elmongy, Amr Negm, Mohamed A. Taher
This assay is a quantitative colorimetric method for the determination of cell viability assays using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] MTT assay [38,39]. The HepG2 human liver carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) was used to determine the inhibitory effects of polysaccharides on their cell growth. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) calf serum (Hyclone Laboratories, Ogden, UT), 60 mg/mL penicillin G and 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing about 15% (v/v) CO2 in air. After incubation, the cells were treated with different concentration of polysaccharides and incubated for 24 h. After 24 h, 20 µl MTT (5 mg/ml) was added and incubated for 4 h. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the volume of 100 µl is added into each well to dissolve the purple formazan formed. The colorimetric assay is measured and recorded at an absorbance of 570 nm using a plate reader. The relative cell viability in percentage was calculated as (A570 of treated samples/A570 of untreated sample) X 100. 5-fluorouracil was used as a standard anticancer drug for comparison because it is commonly used in adjuvant and palliative cancer chemotherapy. The IC50 values were determined as the concentrations of tested materials, which showed 50% of the absorbance of untreated control cells as estimated from the dose–response curves.
Actinic keratosis: where do we stand and where is the future going to take us?
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Philipp Cramer, Eggert Stockfleth
In the US, the market for the treatment of AK is expected to grow and reach USD 6,088.4 Million by 2024 [64]. With an increasing global prevalence, AK is expected to be the most common in situ carcinoma of the skin [64,65]. The market has been segmented into medications and procedures. The field of medications is currently covered by Fluorouracil cream, Imiquimod cream, Ingenol mebutate gel, and Diclofenac gel. Whereas procedures are cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, laser, and chemical peel [64]. Physical treatment such as cryotherapy curettage and laser are lesion-directed therapies. Fluorouracil cream can be applied for clustered and lesion-directed therapy as well as large field-directed therapy depending on the concentration used. Imiquimod cream, Ingenol mebutate gel, and Diclofenac gel are used for large field and clusters directed therapy [19]. Photodynamic therapy is the only form of therapy from the segment of procedures which can be used to treat field cancerization [19]. The market for the treatment of AK is expected to grow by around USD 214,000 annually based on the USD 4,591.4 million spent on the treatment of AK in 2017 in the US and the prediction for this cost to rise to USD 6,088.4 million by 2024 [64]. Table 1 shows the currently established therapies for AK together with their market share in percent [66].
Influence of a dosing-time on toxicities induced by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma; a cross-over pilot study
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
Yoshiyuki Tsuchiya, Kentaro Ushijima, Tadahide Noguchi, Naruo Okada, Jun-ichi Hayasaka, Yoshinori Jinbu, Hitoshi Ando, Yoshiyuki Mori, Mikio Kusama, Akio Fujimura
It is reported that circadian rhythms of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were detected in the bone marrow and gastrointestinal mucosa (Tampellini et al. 1998; Buchi et al. 1991; Bjarnason & Jordan 2000). These rhythms might contribute to chrono-toxicities of docetaxel such as myelosuppression and gastrointestinal injury. According to previous reports (Tampellini et al. 1998; Obi-Ioka et al. 2013), adverse effects of docetaxel could be attenuated by dosing in the resting phase (evening) rather than in the active phase (morning). In this study, the degree of neutropenia during Evening-dosing was smaller than that during Morning-dosing, but it did not reach to be statistical significance. In addition, the incidence of diarrhea induced by chemotherapy was almost same in both dosing-timings. In this study, 5-fluorouracil was continuously infused for 5 days. As 5-fluorouracil also causes myelosuppression and gastrointestinal injury (Meta-Analysis Group In Cancer 1998), it is likely that potential chrono-toxicities induced by docetaxel and cisplatin such as neutropenia and diarrhea could be blurred by 24-hr sustained infusion of 5-fluorouracil.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cervical Cancer
- Colorectal Cancer
- Cytotoxicity
- Esophageal Cancer
- Pancreatic Cancer
- Stomach Cancer
- Breast Cancer
- Cancer
- Chemotherapy
- Intravenous Therapy