Anthocyanins and Their Health Benefits
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
The amount of ACNs in fruit is highly dependent on the food source. For example, in one study, the black raspberry had 589 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside equivalents/100 g, while the thornberry had only 150 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside equivalents/100 g.2 Within the same type of fruit, the season of harvest and the conditions for storage influenced the amount of ACNs in the fruit. Because of the abundance of ACNs in fruit, they are the most highly consumed flavonoid. A flavonoid is any plant pigment that has the same basic structure as flavone (Figure 11.1), a compound responsible for the white/yellow pigmentation in plants. ACNs are a class of flavonoids that humans ingest when eating fruit, vegetables, and grains with red, blue, or purple coloration. Grapes and blueberries account for the bulk of the ACNs consumed due to their high levels of ACNs and the amount of these fruits consumed. Processed foods like jams and wine are also sources of dietary ACNs. Currently, ACNs are being explored as new food dyes since there is a growing demand for natural food colorants.3
Osteoarthritis
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are thought to be beneficial to health due to the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols widely distributed in the fruits and vegetables. The range of foods containing flavonoids includes tea, citrus foods, herbs, and some commonly consumed vegetables such as celery. With regard to OA, there are particular categories of flavonoids that are protective of chondrocytes and joint damage. Flavones, a category of flavonoids located predominately in the leaves and in the outer parts of plants (Ewald et al., 1999) contain apigenin and luteolin. Often, apigenin and luteolin are found together in the same plant foods, such a parsley and celery. In a study of human chondrocytes, micromolar (µM) amounts of apigenin and lutein were found to prevent expression of joint destroying MMPs (Davidson et al., 2018). Pharmacokinetic studies in humans show that absorption of apigenin and luteolin from parsley or celery leads to serum levels in the µM range (Hostetler et al., 2017). Thus, it is logical to preclude that consumption of foods such as parsley, spinach, and celery which contain both apigenin and luteolin may be helpful for OA.
Roles of Functional Foods in Neuroprotection
Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi in Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds and naturally occur in different types, such as flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanol, flavonones, and anthocyanins. These compounds have structural variations in the C ring of their skeletal structure. The antioxidant activities of these compounds are widely reported in the literature (Bahorun et al. 1996, 2003; Lien et al. 1999; Luximon-Ramma et al. 2002). Fruits, vegetables, and beverages prepared from plan sources, viz.,fruit juices, coffee, tea, and red wine, are the key dietary sources of flavonoids. Flavonoids in citrus are classified into three major subgroups: flavanones (mainly di- and tri-O-glycosides), flavone glycosides (mainly di- and tri-O-glycosides and C-glycosides), and polymethoxyflavones (Manthey, Grohmann, and Guthrie 2001). Various flavonoid compounds that present in different species of citrus are represented in Table 21.2.
Flavonoid-rich fraction of Lasianthera africana leaves alleviates hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Daniel Emmanuel Ekpo, Parker Elijah Joshua, Arome Solomon Odiba, Okwesilieze Fred Chiletugo Nwodo
Although liver injury is a major cause of death worldwide, therapeutic interventions targeted at protecting the hepatocytes from damage or repair of damaged hepatocytes are largely limited. Recently, advancement in scientific research has pave the way for the isolation of bioactive phytochemicals with pharmacological effects, which are now used as potential therapeutic agents (Farghali et al. 2015). Extracts from medicinal plants contain different phytochemical compounds including flavonoids as well as other polyphenolic compounds which confer therapeutic effects due to their antioxidative stress properties. Flavonoids are antioxidant phytochemical compounds, consisting of flavones, flavanone, flavanols, flavonols, and flavanonols, which make up a large group of plant secondary metabolites (Chua et al. 2011). They make up an essential part of human diet and are ubiquitous in vegetables, nuts, flowers, seeds, stem, fruits, tea, and wine (Sandhar et al. 2011). Flavonoids in particular are known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-mutagenic properties, as well as their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme activities (Panche et al. 2016). They also show very good antioxidant (Procházková et al. 2011), anticancer (Souza et al. 2018) and hepatoprotective effects (Zhang et al. 2018), and function as scavengers for free radicals by rapid donation of hydrogen atoms (Kumar and Pandey 2013).
Augmented anticancer activity of naringenin-loaded TPGS polymeric nanosuspension for drug resistive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Sumathi Rajamani, Arun Radhakrishnan, Tamizharasi Sengodan, Sivakumar Thangavelu
Recently, natural remedies are being widely used and accepted as established treatments for some disorders. Indeed, the continuing worldwide effort [6] is to discover new anticancer agents from medicinal plants. Some researchers have concluded that natural products are protective factors against breast cancer cells. Among them, dietary components such as [7] flavonoids are generally known to have potential protective roles against cancers. Besides the effectiveness of these ingredients in the reduction of malignancy risk and treatment, they have a much wider safety margin than some drugs [8]. NAR (4,5,7-trihydroxy flavonone) belongs to the flavanone family, which is found abundantly in grapefruit juice, citrus fruits, and tomato skin. This flavone possesses diverse biologic effects such as anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Also, this phytochemical appears to have antiproliferative effects in many cancer cell lines, especially breast cancer cells. NAR can inhibit proliferation and reduce the number of estrogen receptors in positive cells, these compounds might play a useful role in breast cancer chemoprevention and treatment [9].
Discovery of polymethoxyflavones as potential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Muhd Hanis Md Idris, Siti Norhidayah Mohd Amin, Siti Norhidayu Mohd Amin, Agustono Wibowo, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Zurina Shaameri, Ahmad Sazali Hamzah, Manikandan Selvaraj, Lay Kek Teh, Mohd Zaki Salleh
Flavone is among the major plant secondary metabolites that are broadly distributed across the plant kingdom. It consists of a phenyl ring that attaches to chromone at 2-position. With a high degree of chemical diversity by modifications of the chemical backbones, flavone and its derivatives have multiple roles in biological functions and attract great interest from the researchers as privilege structures in drug discovery [9, 10]. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical studies have reported flavones as anti-inflammatory agent [11–13]. For instance, flavones displayed the reduction of COX-2 mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and inhibited the activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) [14]. Another study also reported that natural flavone was able to inhibit formation of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and indicated as potent anti-lipoxygenase inhibitor without significant cytotoxic effect [15].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Apigenin
- Chrysin
- Luteolin
- Metabolite
- Urine
- Flavonoid
- Metabolism
- Benzopyran
- Tangeretin
- 6-Hydroxyflavone