Anthocyanins and Their Health Benefits
Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno in Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
The amount of ACNs in fruit is highly dependent on the food source. For example, in one study, the black raspberry had 589 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside equivalents/100 g, while the thornberry had only 150 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside equivalents/100 g.2 Within the same type of fruit, the season of harvest and the conditions for storage influenced the amount of ACNs in the fruit. Because of the abundance of ACNs in fruit, they are the most highly consumed flavonoid. A flavonoid is any plant pigment that has the same basic structure as flavone (Figure 11.1), a compound responsible for the white/yellow pigmentation in plants. ACNs are a class of flavonoids that humans ingest when eating fruit, vegetables, and grains with red, blue, or purple coloration. Grapes and blueberries account for the bulk of the ACNs consumed due to their high levels of ACNs and the amount of these fruits consumed. Processed foods like jams and wine are also sources of dietary ACNs. Currently, ACNs are being explored as new food dyes since there is a growing demand for natural food colorants.3
Osteoarthritis
Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat in Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Wogonin is a unique aglycone flavone that may offer protection from OA. The flavone is primarily found in Chinese herbal teas. Unlike other flavonoids that originate from the flower parts of a plant, wogonin originates from the root of the herb Scutellaria baicalensis (Zhao et al., 2016). In vitro studies show that the flavone exerts direct anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects through suppressing the expression and production of inflammatory mediators including IL-6, COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, and NO in IL-1β-stimulated OA chondrocytes (Khan et al., 2017). Wogonin also exhibited chondroprotective potential through inhibiting the expression, production, and activities of matrix-degrading proteases including MMP-13, MMP-3, MMP-9, and ADAMTS-4 in OA chondrocytes (Khan et al., 2017).
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg in Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Flavones and related derivatives are very important to develop new and novel phytoceuticals. An important flavone is an apigenin, which has been tested and showed therapeutic promise of becoming a chemo-preventive agent (Shankar et al., 2017). Apigenin is known to have several medicinal properties that affect different molecular and cellular pathways on various diseases. This flavone also demonstrated anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. Apigenin lowered down the risk of several cancers and has synergized the chemotherapeutic outcome of some anticancer drugs (Shankar et al., 2017). Furthermore, apigenin has not only been used to prevent the risk of cancer but has also been studied for its activity to reduce neuroinflammation. Apigenin is capable of restoring cAMP which is the response element-binding protein, and this protein is essential for the up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic transcription factors (Bonetti et al., 2017). In vivo animal studies of this flavone showed an effect on inflammatory cytokines which are originated in certain immune cells and influence other cells.
Augmented anticancer activity of naringenin-loaded TPGS polymeric nanosuspension for drug resistive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Sumathi Rajamani, Arun Radhakrishnan, Tamizharasi Sengodan, Sivakumar Thangavelu
Recently, natural remedies are being widely used and accepted as established treatments for some disorders. Indeed, the continuing worldwide effort [6] is to discover new anticancer agents from medicinal plants. Some researchers have concluded that natural products are protective factors against breast cancer cells. Among them, dietary components such as [7] flavonoids are generally known to have potential protective roles against cancers. Besides the effectiveness of these ingredients in the reduction of malignancy risk and treatment, they have a much wider safety margin than some drugs [8]. NAR (4,5,7-trihydroxy flavonone) belongs to the flavanone family, which is found abundantly in grapefruit juice, citrus fruits, and tomato skin. This flavone possesses diverse biologic effects such as anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Also, this phytochemical appears to have antiproliferative effects in many cancer cell lines, especially breast cancer cells. NAR can inhibit proliferation and reduce the number of estrogen receptors in positive cells, these compounds might play a useful role in breast cancer chemoprevention and treatment [9].
Discovery of polymethoxyflavones as potential cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitors
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Muhd Hanis Md Idris, Siti Norhidayah Mohd Amin, Siti Norhidayu Mohd Amin, Agustono Wibowo, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria, Zurina Shaameri, Ahmad Sazali Hamzah, Manikandan Selvaraj, Lay Kek Teh, Mohd Zaki Salleh
Flavone is among the major plant secondary metabolites that are broadly distributed across the plant kingdom. It consists of a phenyl ring that attaches to chromone at 2-position. With a high degree of chemical diversity by modifications of the chemical backbones, flavone and its derivatives have multiple roles in biological functions and attract great interest from the researchers as privilege structures in drug discovery [9, 10]. In recent years, in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical studies have reported flavones as anti-inflammatory agent [11–13]. For instance, flavones displayed the reduction of COX-2 mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and inhibited the activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) [14]. Another study also reported that natural flavone was able to inhibit formation of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and indicated as potent anti-lipoxygenase inhibitor without significant cytotoxic effect [15].
Gelatin hydrogel/contact lens composites as rutin delivery systems for promoting corneal wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Lianghui Zhao, Xia Qi, Tao Cai, Zheng Fan, Hongwei Wang, Xianli Du
Quercetin, a member of the flavonoid family, is an important second metabolite that is widely distributed in vegetables, fruits, grains, tea, red wine, and so on. The flavone aglycone exhibits various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, vascular protection, and neuroprotection functions (Quideau et al., 2011; Veitch, 2013; Lu et al., 2011). It has been used for the treatment of keratoconus, Graves ophthalmopathy, conjunctivitis, cataract, dry eye disease, retinopathy, and other ophthalmological diseases (Zhao et al., 2021). Rutin, the glycoside form of quercetin, has also been demonstrated efficacy for the prevention and treatment of inflammation, cataract, retinal neurovascular disease, and other ophthalmic diseases (Ola et al., 2015; Sasikala et al., 2013). However, the poor solubility of rutin in aqueous media leads to poor bioavailability after administration, which restricts the direct clinical applications. Several strategies, including cyclodextrins complexation, nanocarriers, and hydrogel carriers, have been proposed in recent years for enhancing the bioavailability of rutin (Júlio et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2018; Paczkowska et al., 2020). Among them, hydrogel offers a convenient and readily available approach.
Related Knowledge Centers
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- Flavones
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