Prevention of Microbial Contamination during Manufacturing
Philip A. Geis in Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Deep-bed filtration or multimedia/sand filters are used to remove suspended material such as particulate matter, colloidal matter, and heavy molecular weight matter such as naturally occurring organic matter. The installation of an activated carbon bed is used to absorb chlorine, chloramines and organic material from a potable or drinking water source. Water softeners are used to remove calcium, magnesium and other cations that can cause water hardness. A reverse osmosis unit is a purification technology in which a semi-permeable membrane is used to remove both multivalent and monovalent ions from water. Depending upon the water quality, reverse osmosis units be either a single or a double pass. In a double-pass reverse osmosis unit, two individual reverse osmosis units are operated in a series in which one unit will provide the feedwater to the second unit. Cation/anion/mixed bed ion exchange columns or electrodeionization unit (EDI) unit is used to remove cations and anions from water that had not been removed by the reverse osmosis unit.
Biologic Drug Substance and Drug Product Manufacture
Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha in Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
A typical manufacturing and administration process (Figure 8.5) of protein solution involves (Mahato and Narang 2018): Thawing of the bulk drug substance (therapeutic protein).Formulation (dilution and addition of excipients, if BDS is not fully formulated).Filtration for removing any particulate matter and/or bioburden.Filling of drug product in vials or syringes.Visual inspection of filled vials or syringes for the presence of any particulate matter or critical defects in the primary components.Labeling and packaging.Storage and shipment of drug product.
The patient with acute renal problems
Ian Peate, Helen Dutton in Acute Nursing Care, 2014
This is where the first stage of urine production, filtration, takes place. Filtration is defined as the passage of a fluid and the substances in that fluid through a membrane under pressure. So, in this case, the blood and all of the constituents in the blood are pushed by the arterial blood pressure (at around 60 –70mmHg) through the glomerular capillaries and then into the Bowman’s capsule, via the glomerular-capsular membrane. This membrane has three special filtration layers in it with different size pores and the purpose of these is to retain some substances in the blood and to select others to be excreted via the renal tubules. First, the endothelial layer prevents the passage of blood cells, second, the basement membrane prevents the passage of large proteins and, third, the visceral layer prevents the passage of medium-sized proteins. Apart from the varying size of the pores in these different layers, there is another reason that blood and proteins cannot pass through from the blood into the filtrate and this is because these glycoproteins are carrying a negative electrical charge. The filtration membrane also carries a negative electrical charge and therefore repels them. Therefore, in health, blood cells and proteins should not be filtered out of the blood because they are needed in order to maintain normal blood function and to maintain the integrity of the intravascular space. Remember also, the kidney has an important role in regulating blood components through the production of erythropoietin.
Mechanical filtration of the cerebrospinal fluid: procedures, systems, and applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Manuel Menéndez González
Filtration of the CSF may be achieved using different procedures that can be classified based on the mechanism of action, the regime, the implantability, and the power for CSF flow (Table 1). The target group of particles to be removed from the CSF is usually defined by molecular size, since most filters offer separation cutoffs based on size, although other physicochemical properties may be involved too, such as the molecular charge. CSF filtration is any procedure where a group of molecules and/or cells are cleared from the CSF using retention or neutralizing methods. The most typical one is CSF tangential flow filtration using hollow fibers. Other types of methods have been proposed such as flat membranes or other physical sterilizing interventions, i.e. radiofrequency [6]. CSF selective clearance aims to clear a target molecule selectively from the CSF. Being a selective therapy prevents potential safety issues that may occur if the levels of other molecules in the CSF, not involved in the pathogenesis of diseases, were modified. To be selective, combinational methods with specific biologic agents such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), aptamers, or enzymes are usually needed.
Bacterial surface attachment and fouling assay on polymer and carbon surfaces using Rheinheimera sp. identified using bacteria community analysis of brackish water
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Emily Manderfeld, Chidambaram Thamaraiselvan, Maurício Nunes Kleinberg, Lejla Jusufagic, Christopher J. Arnusch, Axel Rosenhahn
Through the rapidly growing global freshwater deficiency, water desalination, as the most promising approach to supply freshwater, is especially needed in arid regions (Cohen-Tanugi and Grossman 2012). Clean water is not only an essential component for domestic use, but also for industries, like the food, beverage, oil, gas, agriculture, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industries (Teow and Mohammad 2019). Nowadays, the demand for clean water is constantly increasing due to population growth and global climate changes and the challenge is intensified as freshwater resources decrease (Teow and Mohammad 2019). Reverse osmosis (RO), which is a pressure-driven process (Malaeb and Ayoub 2011), is one of the most used methods for obtaining freshwater from saltwater sources (Fritzmann et al. 2007; Ghaffour et al. 2013). Despite many advantages, RO membranes, namely thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes, face the problem of fouling (Subramani and Hoek 2010). Different types of fouling can occur such as crystalline fouling (scaling), organic fouling, particle and colloid fouling, and microbiological fouling (biofouling) (Flemming 1997). This process leads not only to increased operation costs (Flemming 1997) but causes membrane failure in the water purification system. For the different types of fouling, different factors play a role, namely the feed chemistry and composition, the concentration polarization, the membrane properties, and the process operating conditions (Alsawaftah et al. 2021). In general, 40% of the fouling during reverse osmosis filtration is attributed to biofouling (Alsawaftah et al. 2021).
The impact of filtered water-pipe smoke on healthy versus cancer cells and their neurodegenerative role on AMPA receptor
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Mohammed Hawash, Mohammad Qneibi, Nidal Jaradat, Murad Abualhasan, Johnny Amer, EL-Hamouz Amer, Tasneem Ibraheem, Siham Hindieh, Sama Tarazi, Shorooq Sobuh
In the commonly used filtered system (DWE), results show that the 154.3 ± 2 mg of toxins collected in the cotton piece are expected to reach lung tissues. Therefore, the development of health disorders associated is expected with long-term exposure to water-pipe smoke if this filtration system is maintained. Therefore, using other filtration media is essential to reduce these hazards. Various filtration systems were tested compared to the standard system, with the most significant results obtained from the silica solution system (SSE). An evident decline in chemicals was witnessed when SSE was used in comparison with DWE, as SSE reduces the number of toxicants from 154 to 57.65 mg, and according to the LC-MS spectrum, one unknown chemical was disappeared in SSE compared with DWE. Naphthalene derivatives (tar; M.Wt. 174.16 g/mol), and nicotine (M.Wt. 163.12 g/mol) were very clear in the LC-MS results in all tested extracts (DWE, SSE, and TSE), while the unknown compound (M.Wt. 353.15 g/mol) disappeared in the SSE in comparison with DWE and TSE. Therefore, we hypothesized a difference in SSE impact on biological activity relative to the standard Water-pipe system (DWE).
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