Iron Deficiency
Fima Lifshitz in Childhood Nutrition, 2020
Many factors in the diet of infants, children, and adults influence the absorption of dietary iron. These range from the amount and chemical form of added iron, the presence in the diet of factors enhancing and/or inhibiting iron absorption, in addition to the iron status of the individual (Table 1). A recent study by Ziegler using a stable isotopic form of iron (58Fe) added to formula or various infant foods serves to illustrate some of these effects (Table 2).14 Due to the wide variability in amount of isotope incorporated into erythrocytes of individual infants, differences between foods were not statistically significant. Ziegler concluded that rice cereal does not inhibit iron absorption, that grape juice does not enhance iron absorption, and that the small amount of beef in the vegetable beef dinner did not increase iron bioavailability. Iron added as ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate was equally bioavailable.
Nutraceuticals and Anaemia in Pregnancy
Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak in Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
According to WHO, oral supplements of iron and folic acid daily for pregnant women are required to prevent maternal anaemia. The requirement of iron is 30–60 mg of elemental iron (the equivalent of this is 300 mg of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, 500 mg of ferrous gluconate, or 180 mg ferrous fumarate) and 0.4 mg for folic acid. Intake of folic acid should be initiated at the earliest opportunity, ideally before conception, to prevent neural tube defects. If daily iron is not advisable due to side effects, then to improve maternal outcomes in pregnant women, intermittent oral iron supplementation with 120 mg of elemental iron (the equivalent of this is 600 mg of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, 1,000 mg ferrous gluconate, or 360 mg ferrous fumarate) and 2.8 mg folic acid once in a week is recommended (Peña-Rosas et al. 2015).
Integrative Nutrition Supplements
Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin in Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
Iron should be supplemented in cases of symptomatic deficiency, as well as deficiency in which needs cannot be met with food consumption, especially in cases of malabsorption and/or excessive losses. Supplements are available in ferrous forms including fumarate, sulfate, and gluconate. Ferrous fumarate is most well absorbed, although the elemental amount, or amount that will be absorbed, must be listed on the supplement label. The recommended dose to treat deficiency is 150–200 mg of elemental iron daily, ideally separated into two or three divided doses, as absorption is reduced at higher doses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends low-dose supplementation of 30 mg of iron for all pregnant women. Iron can be supplemented intramuscularly or intravenously, although this is generally only done in a hospital setting (ODSb, 2013).
Iron homeostasis in host and gut bacteria – a complex interrelationship
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yohannes Seyoum, Kaleab Baye, Christèle Humblot
A range of methods is used to combat anemia in large-scale programs in low- and middle income countries. Ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, and elemental iron are most frequently used for fortification and have different characteristics that are taken into account in their use. Ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate are characterized by high bioavailability, although they may turn rancid or change in flavor or in color. Although only half as bioavailable, ferrous sulfate does not undergo physical and sensory changes.109 The chelated iron complex, ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA) is frequently used since it is highly bioavailable due to its inert chemical reactivity to lipid peroxidation and resistance to luminal inhibitors such as phytate.109,110 Nano iron has also been tested as it does not require solubilization in the stomach prior to uptake by enterocytes as whole nanoparticles via endocytosis.111
Preventing complications by persistence with iron replacement therapy: a comprehensive literature review
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Maurizio Serati, Marco Torella
A variety of iron preparations exist, therefore it is important to compare them and their potential to enhance adherence. In a systematic review of 111 studies and 10,695 patients, a lower incidence of adverse events (approximately 4%) and notably gastrointestinal events was observed for ferrous sulfate with polymeric complex compared to other oral ferrous supplements (ferrous gluconate, ferrous glycine sulfate, ferrous sulfate without polymeric complex and ferrous fumarate [the highest rate of adverse events at 47%], all p < .001) (Figure 2)70. In their study, ferrous sulfate with polymeric complex was as well tolerated as ferric iron (iron protein succinylate)70. The authors suggest that improved tolerability may lead to better adherence and improved quality of life. Heterogeneity of study designs and methods was noted as a limitation; however, this was common for all of the supplements studied.
Iron therapy substantially restores qEEG maturational lag among iron-deficient anemic infants
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Gloria A. Otero, Thalía Fernández, F. Bernardo Pliego-Rivero, Gustavo G. Mendieta
EEG recordings were obtained from all participants, and they were performed in a dim lit and soundproof room during spontaneous sleep. While recording, all children remained on the lap of their mothers and wore a polyester cap with surface electrodes distributed according to the 10–20 International System (Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, T6, Fz, Cz, Pz). Impedances were at or below 5000 Ω. A digital electroencephalograph (Medicid 3E, Neuronic Mexicana) with a gain of 10 000 was used; amplifier bandwidth was set between 0.3 and 30 Hz, and the sampling rate was 100 Hz. EEG recordings were registered for at least 30 min during spontaneous sleep using monopolar derivations with linked ear lobes as the reference. Simultaneously to EEG, electrocardiogram (EKG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrooculogram (EOG) were recorded (Fig. 1). At the beginning of the second stage of this study, IDA children were supplemented with elemental iron (5 mg/kg/day; ferrous fumarate; Ferval-Valdecasas, México) for 4 months, while clinical checkups were carried out every 4 weeks. All tests were repeated after finishing iron supplementation.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dietary Supplement
- Fumaric Acid
- Salt
- Chemical Formula
- Reference Daily Intake
- Iron Supplement
- Iron-Deficiency Anemia