Production of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
A very special case is the production of the essential oils of ylang-ylang from the fresh flowers of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. et Thomson forma genuina. The hydro-distillation process is started and after a certain time the obtained oil is saved. With ongoing distillation, this procedure is repeated three times to achieve at least four separate fractions. The chemical composition of the first fraction is characterized by a high concentration of p-cresol methylether, methyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, linalool, and E-cinnamyl acetate. The second fraction contains less of those volatiles but an increased amount of geraniol, geranyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene. The third fraction contains higher boiling substances such as germacrene-D, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (E,E)-farnesol, benzyl benzoate, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, and benzyl salicylate. Of course, smaller quantities of the lower boiling components are also present. This kind of fractionation has been practiced for a long time. At the same time, the whole oil, obtained by a single distillation is available as “ylang-ylang complete.” This serves as an example of the importance the duration of the distillation can have on the quality of the oil.
In Vitro Calli Induction, Biomass Accumulation and Different Biological Activity of Leucas aspera (willd.) Linn.
Parimelazhagan Thangaraj in Medicinal Plants, 2018
Whole-plant is reported for the presence of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and 3-sitosterol (Chaudhury and Ghosh 1969). Aerial parts contains nicotine (Mangathayaru et al. 2006), sterols (Khaleque et al. 1970), alkaloids such as α-sitosterol and β-sitosterol, reducing sugars such as galactose and glucoside (Chatterjee and Majumdar 1969), diterpenes, leucasperones A and B, leucasperols A and B and isopimarane glycosides; together with other compounds like asperphenamate, maslinic acid, (-)-isololiolide, linifolioside (Sadhu et al. 2006), nectandrin B, macelignan, meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, acacetin, chrysoeriol, apigenin and machilin C, (-)-chicanine, (7R,8R) and (75,85)-licarin A (Sadhu et al. 2003). Among the 25 compounds identified from its leaves, major constituents are u-farnesene (26.4%), x-thujene (12.6%) and menthol (11.3%) (Sadhu et al. 2003). The flowers contain 10 compounds; among them, amyl propionate (15.2%) and isoamyl propionate (14.4%) are dominant (Kalachaveedu et al. 2006). The seed contains linoleic acid (48.11%), oleic acid (42.07%), palmitic acid (6.25%), stearic acid (2.84%) and linolenic acid (0.65%). The unsaponifiables fraction contains 3-sitosterol and ceryl alcohol (Jam et al. 1968; Badami et al. 1975). The shoots contain novel phenolic compounds (4-(24-hydroxy-1-oxo-5-n-propyltetracosanyl-phenol) (Misra et al. 1995), aliphatic ketols (28-hydroxypentatriacontan-7-one,7-hydroxydotriacontan-2-one), long chain compounds (1-hydroxytetratriacontan-4-one, 32-methyltetratriacontan-8-ol), nonatriacontane, 5-acetoxytriacontane, β-sitosterol and dotriacontanol (Misra et al. 1992). Leucolactone (I) isolated from the root has been characterized as 3,3,16c-dihydroxyoleanan-28-1,3-oliden (Pradhan et al. 1990).
Extraction and Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils: A Review
Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda in The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Essential oil action starts after it enters the human body through three possible means viz., straight incorporation, inhalation, or ingestion: Incorporation Through the Skin: Essential oil complexes are solvable in fat, and therefore these possess the capability to pervade the skins of the peel previously being caught by the micro-circulation and exhausted into the complete movement that influences entire target tissues [4].Inhalation: The other way for EOs to enter the human body is by means of inhalation. Because of their volatile nature, EOs are easily inhaled across the respiratory tract and lungs [38]. The respiratory path offers the fastest route of entry, which is tracked by the dermal pathway.Ingestion: Care should be given during oral ingestion owing to possible poisonous action of EOs. Eaten essential oil mixtures and/or their metabolites will be engrossed and carried to the body by the blood and afterward to other segments of the body.As the volatile oils enter the human body, they interconnect with numerous functions through three modes of action.Biochemical (Pharmacological): Interaction with the bloodstream and chemicals like hormones and enzymes like farnesene.Physiological: By exerting an action on specific physiological function.Psychological: Through inhalation, the brain’s olfactory area (limbic system) experiences a mechanism activated by the volatile oil molecules, and therefore the biochemical and neurotransmitter messengers offer alterations within the psychological and emotive actions of the individual [46]. Lavender and lemon EOs are examples for its tranquilizing and comforting characteristics.
In vitro neuroprotective effects of farnesene sesquiterpene on alzheimer’s disease model of differentiated neuroblastoma cell line
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Mehmet Enes Arslan, Hasan Türkez, Adil Mardinoğlu
LDH cytotoxicity assay kit (Cayman Chemical Company®, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) was applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions for the LDH assay application. The cells were seeded to 48-well plates and wide spectrum concentrations of farnesene were administered to cell culture as triplicates for 24 and 48 h. After that 100 µL supernatant was transferred to a fresh 48-well plate and 100 µL of the reaction mixture was added to the samples and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Finally, a microplate reader was used to analyze the absorbance of the cultures at 490 nm.
Essential Oils from Vitex agnus castus L. Leaves Induces Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis of Human Multidrug-Resistant Lung Carcinoma Cells through Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Suleyman Ilhan
In the literature, it was reported that fruits, leaves and flowers of VAC contain different EOs. However, most of the so-called studies investigated the fruit and flowers. The researches on the leaves were made only in North of Brazil, Syria and East Mediterranean Region (13, 21, 22). In the current study, the EOs from the leaves of VAC distributed in the Aegean Region, Turkey were investigated for the first time. The volatile percentage was detected as 98.09 and oil yielded as 0.47%. Forty-nine compounds were determined by GC-MS (Table 1). 1,8-cineole (12.45%), carbazole (11.04%), eucalyptol (10.93%), oleic acid (7.42%), caryophyllene (6.32%) were found to be the major compounds and the remaining compounds were each in very small amounts. Ulukanli et al. investigated the leaves of VAC from East Mediterranean region and revealed that the major components were 1,8-cineole (24.38%), sabinene (22.77%), trans-β-farnesene (8.50%), α-pinene (7.14%), β-caryophyllene (6.49%) and 1-terpinen-4-ol (5.23%) (22). Al Saka et al. identified 29 compounds from the VAC leaves which were harvested from Syria. Among the identified volatile compounds, 1,8-cineole (19.34%), sabinene (12.5%), (E)-beta-farnesene (5.43%) and bicyclogermacrene (5.30%) were the major ones (21). In another study, major constituents of the VAC leaves from Brazil were identified as 1,8-cineole (23.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (14.6%), (E)-caryophyllene (12.5%), sabinene (11.4%), and α-terpinyl acetate (7.7%) (13). α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and sabinene were the common major compounds identified in the leaves of VAC, however, the occurrence of carbazole and eucalyptol as major components was interesting in the study. Carbazole and eucalyptol are reported for the first time in VAC leaves. It can be concluded from the available studies that the EO content of VAC leaves varies especially by region. The variable EO content and rates in plants depend on the organs (morphogenetic variance), the period of development (ontogenetic variability), temperature changes during the day (diurnal variance), climate, environment, topographic conditions, age and genetic structure of plant (23).
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