Maritime Routes through Sri Lanka: Medicinal Plants and Spices
Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin in Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Cloves were traded from Sri Lanka along the Silk Road and Maritime Silk Roads primarily to buyers in the Middle East. Cloves were recommended for toothache and sore throats by the traditional medicinal practitioners of Sri Lanka (Weragoda, 1980). This traditional knowledge is being used by toothpaste manufacturers in the country to produce over 24 varieties of toothpaste at present. The cloves grow on a median size tree (8–12 m) from the Myrtaceae family (Rojas et al., 2014). The clove tree is frequently cultivated in coastal areas at altitudes of 200 m above the sea level. The production of flower buds, which is the commercialized part of this tree, starts after 4 years of plantation. These are collected during the maturation phase before flowering, either manually or chemically, using a natural phytohormone which liberates ethylene in the vegetal tissue, producing precocious maturation. Cloves represent one of the major plant-based sources of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and hydroxycinnamic acids (Rojas et al., 2014). Eugenol is the main bioactive compound of clove, which is found in concentrations ranging from 9 381 to 14 650 mg per 100 g of fresh plant material (Neveu et al., 2010). Concentrations up to 18% of essential oil can be found in the clove-flower buds (Rojas et al., 2014). Roughly, 89% of the clove’s essential oil is eugenol, and 5%–15% is eugenol acetate and β-caryophyllene, respectively (Jirovetz et al., 2006). The chemical structures of these compounds are shown in Figure 13.3.
Sources of Essential Oils
K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer in Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Regarding the differences between plant parts, it is known from cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) that the root-, stem-, and leaf oils differ significantly (Wijesekera et al., 1974): only the stem bark contains an essential oil with up to 70% cinnamaldehyde, whereas the oil of the root bark consists mainly of camphor and linalool, and the leaves produce oils with eugenol as main compound. In contrast to it, eugenol forms with 70%–90% the main compound in stem, leaf, and bud oils of cloves (S. aromaticum) (Lawrence, 1978). This was recently confirmed by Srivastava et al. (2005) for clove oils from India and Madagascar, stating in addition that eugenyl acetate was found in buds up to 8% but in leaves between traces and 1.6% only. The second main substance in leaves as well as buds is β-caryophyllene with up to 20% of the essential oil. In Aframomum giganteum (Zingiberaceae), the rhizome essential oil consists of β-caryophyllene, its oxide, and derivatives mainly, whereas in the leaf oil terpentine-4-ol and pinocarvone form the principal components (Agnaniet et al., 2004).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Anton C. de Groot in Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Eugenol is a pale yellow to dark yellow clear liquid; its odor type is spicy and its odor at 10% in dipropylene glycol is described as ’sweet spicy clove woody’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Eugenol is used in perfumery in clove and carnation compositions as well as for oriental and spicy notes. It is a common component of clove and other aroma compositions. Eugenol from clove leaf oil sources is used as a chemical raw material for conversion to several derivatives, the most important of which is isoeugenol, which in turn is used to produce vanillin. Zinc oxide-eugenol cements have many uses in dentistry; the admixture of powdered zinc oxide and liquid eugenol forms a bland, easily mixed paste having excellent working time but slow-setting antiseptic characteristics that is used in temporary luting and filling material, pulp capping and periodontal packs. Indeed, eugenol is found as a major ingredient in a variety of dental materials such as impression materials, filling materials, dental cements, endodontic sealers, periodontal dressing materials and dry socket dressings (94). In combination with geraniol, eugenol is applied as a kairomone insect attractant which is used widely for monitoring new infestations of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica and for removal trapping in orchards. Eugenol may also be used as a denaturant for alcohol (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
In vitro enzyme inhibition and in vivo anti-hyperuricemic potential of eugenol: an experimental approach
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
V. Vijeesh, A. Vysakh, Ninan Jisha, M. S. Latha
The natural molecules with unexplored biological potential might be beneficial for the treatment of various diseases. Eugenol is a natural phenolic compound commonly found in clove, cinnamon, etc. [7]. It is an unavoidable component in the pharmaceutical, cosmetical, and food industries [8]. As per the Food and Drug Administration guidelines, consuming the unburned form of eugenol is listed as ‘Generally Regarded As Safe’ [9]. Eugenol possesses remarkable biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective activities [10,11]. The anti-hyperuricemic effect of eugenol is not yet been discovered. The multi-spectroscopic binding and in silico docking studies of eugenol with XO was reported previously from our laboratory [12]. In this view, the current study was designed to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemic effect of eugenol in in vitro and in vivo models.
Eugenol, a plant-derived phenolic nutraceutical, protects thiol (SH) group in myocardium from ROS-mediated oxidation under chemotherapeutic stress induced by arsenic trioxide – a in vivo model study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
P. Binu, K. Gifty, R. C. Vineetha, S. Abhilash, P. Arathi, R. Harikumaran Nair
Miller et al. (2002) reported the interaction of arsenic with proteins rich in cysteine and bearing accessible thiol groups. Thiols are organic compounds containing sulfhydryl group (SH). The SH/thiol group bearing antioxidants constitute a key portion of the total antioxidants existing in the body and they play a substantial role in defense against ROS. Over accumulation of ROS may lead to oxidative stress which in turn results in thiol oxidation. In the present study, efforts have been made to lessen thiol associated oxidative damage during chemotherapeutic stress in myocardium through combination therapy with an antioxidant molecule. Eugenol, a plant-derived phenolic compound found in clove, ocimum, nutmeg, and cinnamon has antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory action (Pramod et al. 2010). It was previously specified that eugenol demonstrated antioxidant activity and significantly prevented oxidative tissue damage (Ito et al. 2005, Choudhary et al. 2006). However, the change in thiol content under chemotherapeutic stress has not yet been studied extensively. Considering the importance of arsenic trioxide binding with vicinal sulfhydryl (SH) residues in proteins, it is of great interest to estimate whether eugenol own thiol/SH group stabilizing potential in heart tissue.
Biofilm inhibition and anti-quorum sensing activity of phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles against the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Saloni Shah, Swapnil Gaikwad, Shuchi Nagar, Shatavari Kulshrestha, Viniti Vaidya, Neelu Nawani, Sarika Pawar
The Patchdock online tool was used to independently study the interaction between natural ligand, furanone C30, AgNP, eugenol and eugenol + AgNP with LasI (AHL synthase) and with LasR/MvfR (transcriptional receptor proteins) (Schneidman-Duhovny et al. 2005). PatchDock determines the best protein ligand interaction based on the shape complementarity of soft molecular surfaces. The crystallographic structures of the three QS proteins LasI synthase (PDB ID: 1RO5, resolution = 2.3 Å), LasR transcriptional protein (PDB ID: 2UV0 chain E, resolution = 1.8 Å) and MvfR transcriptional protein (PDB ID: 4JVC, resolution = 2.5 Å) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb]. The compound eugenol was obtained from the Pubchem database (NCBI PubChem CID: 3314) and silver ion was obtained from the protein databank. Eugenol was modified to add Ag ion thus forming a complex of eugenol-Ag in ChemOffice (ChemOffice, 2002). All the ligands were energy minimized with ChemOffice. The water molecules and the native ligand were deleted from the protein files. The ligand files were prepared as per the requirement of the tool and the docking parameters were kept as default. The relative square mean distance (RMSD) clustering was kept at < 4.0 Å as suggested by the tool. The result files obtained from the Patchdock server after docking were analyzed and the figures were generated in a Discovery Studio Visualizer v17.2.0. The active sites of these three proteins were retrieved from previous literature (Parai et al. 2018; Ali et al. 2017).