Cenostigma pyramidale: Ethnomedicinal Properties and Perspectives on A Legume Tree Highly Adapted to Semiarid ‘Caatinga’ Region
Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa in Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Lima et al. (2019) studied the hydroalcoholic extract of C. pyramidale leaves by means of the bioassay with Artemia salina. The concentrations tested (1000 µg/ml; 750 µg/ml; 500 µg/ml; 250 µg/ml; 100 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml) were nontoxic, and presented a high Average Lethal Dose (LC50 = 1442.8433 µg/ml). In another study performing the same test, Oliveira (2010) described the toxicity according to the polarity of the extracts. For this, the authors recovered four phases from the root bark of C. pyramidale: hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanolic, and butanolic. The obtained fractions were tested on A. salina at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/ml. After 24 hours incubation, some of the fractions presented cytotoxic activity. The ethyl acetate phase showed higher toxicity followed by the methanolic phase (LC50 of 149.12 and 193.98 µg/ml, respectively). In turn, the butanolic phase presented LC50 of 228.97 µg/ml, the lowest in relation to the polar phases. For the hexane phase, the LC50 was 535.55 µg/ml, considered nontoxic at the tested concentrations. Thus, in ascending order of cytotoxicity, we have the phases: ethyl acetate > methanolic > butanolic > hexanic.
Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji in Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
This technique uses a lipid phase containing lipid excipients, and the therapeutic moiety is solubilized in a volatile organic solvent. Other excipients, such as a stabilizing agent, are dissolved to make an aqueous phase. To obtain a small droplet-formed emulsion (O/W), the lipid phase is applied to the aqueous phase, followed by high-energy homogenization or sonication. Furthermore, the organic solvent is removed by evaporation or decreased pressure. This process subsequently results in the formation of lipid NPs. Ethyl acetate is an extensively used organic solvent because it offers better toxicological profile as compared to earlier used solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform (Pradhan et al. 2017, 2020). The NPs are washed repeatedly with distilled water by ultracentrifugation, and then the pellets of lipid NPs are collected. The physico-chemical properties of prepared nanoparticles are influenced by experimental parameters, such as processing temperature, solvent-evaporation method, aqueous-phase length, surfactant quantity, and polymer-molecular weight (Pradhan et al. 2016b). This is well suited for lipophilic and thermolabile drugs because this technique does not involve thermal stress. However, this method has limitations, such as time consumption and coalescence during the solvent evaporation (Singh et al. 2016).
Glove Selection for Work with Acrylates Including Those Cured by Ultraviolet, Visible Light, or Electron Beam
Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach in Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Thick unlined nitrile gloves at least 0.55 mm in thickness, such as Sol-Vex 37-667 (Ansell Protective Products), are recommended for a few hours' contact with acrylates in combination with a mixture of organic solvents, used in the cleaning of printing and coating equipment contaminated with acrylates.90 Thick unlined chloroprene gloves would probably also be a good choice, but the material has not been tested against acrylates in organic solvents.90 Nitrile gloves are not recommended for protection against ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, or most other ketones, nor to acetates such as ethyl acetate or butyl acetate.95 These solvents as well as chlorinated solvents should not be used for cleaning equipment or tools contaminated with acrylates. These gloves are not suitable for situations where exposure to HDDA or DPGDA, or acrylates labeled corrosive or toxic, especially in combination with organic solvents, may occur. For all other acrylates, these gloves seem to be safe to use up to 8 h (cumulative, starting from the first physical contact) with solvents or acrylates, unless they are physically damaged (tear or hole), or significantly changed in appearance. To avoid skin contact with acrylates on the glove surface, the gloves should be wiped clean with a piece of cloth or paper, before doffing.
Metabolic activation of aegeline mediated by CYP2C19
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Min Tian, Shenzhi Zhou, Wei Li, Jiaru Li, Lan Yang, Ying Peng, Jiang Zheng
M1 was synthesized by the condensation reaction of cinnamic acid and octopamine (Scheme 1) as performed by Qu et al. (2015). In short, cinnamic acid (0.33 g, 2.2 mmol), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC•HCl, 0.52 g, 2.7 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, 0.32 g, 2.1 mmol) were dissolved in N, N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF, 8 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min under the protection of N2. Triethylamine (870 μL) was added dropwise into the solution after adding octopamine (0.4 g, 2.1 mmol) to the mixture. The resultant solution obtained after 4 h was mixed with water (100 mL) and extracted by ethyl acetate (30 mL). The ethyl acetate extracts were pooled, washed, dried and concentrated. The product was dissolved in DMSO-d6 and characterized by NMR spectrometry. 1H NMR spectrum data (DMSO-d6, 600 MHz): δ 9.27 (1H, s, C16-OH), 8.12 (1H, t, J = 5.8 Hz, NH), 7.54 (2H, d, J = 7.4 Hz, H-5, H-9), 7.44–7.31 (4H, m, H-3, H-6, H-7, H-8), 7.15 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, H-14, H-18), 6.75–6.67 (3H, m, H-15, H-17, H-2), 5.35 (1H, d, J = 4.3 Hz, C12-OH), 4.55 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 4.4 Hz, H-12), 3.39 (1H, ddd, J = 13.3, 6.4, 4.6 Hz, H-11a), 3.19 (1H, ddd, J = 13.2, 8.0, 5.2 Hz, H-11b).
SMEDDS for improved oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of licochalcone A
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Zhongan Zhu, Jing Liu, Yuhang Yang, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Hao Ji, Elmurat Toreniyazov, Qilong Wang, Jiangnan Yu, Ximing Xu
LCA (98% purity) was bought from Nanjing Spring Biological Co. LTD. Chromatographic-grade methanol was obtained from Tedia. Company, Inc., (Fairfield, USA). Double-distilled water (DDW) was made by Millipore water purifying system (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were bought from Sinopharm Chem, Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethyl acetate was of analytical grade and was provided by Chengdu Kelong Chemical Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Potassium oxazine, uric acid standard, allopurinol, and xanthine oxidase were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Corp., (Shanghai, China). The excipients used as potential components of SMEDDS included oils (Ethyl oleate, Oleic acid, IPM, Castor oil, Mineral oil), surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Span 80, OP-10, and Cremophor EL 35), and cosurfactants (PEG 200, PEG 400, n-Butanol, and 1,2-Propanediol) which were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals reagents were commercially obtained and were of analytical grade.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of levodopa-loaded nanoparticles for nose to brain delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Sema Arisoy, Ozgun Sayiner, Tansel Comoglu, Deniz Onal, Ozbeyen Atalay, Bilge Pehlivanoglu
Among the organic solvents, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane are frequently used for oil phase. In our study, when ethyl acetate used for oil phase nanoparticles showed larger size and higher PDI values. Dichloromethane, acetone and ethyl acetate’s boiling points are 40 °C, 56 °C, 77 °C, respectively, which means that highest evaporation rate belongs to dichloromethane, while least belong to ethyl acetate. Fast evaporation of organic solvent results fast hardening of PLGA with a smaller size. But according to McCall and Sirianni (2013), smaller particles might be produced upon using acetone instead of dichloromethane. It was observed that EE was lower when the active substance was dispersed in the inner aqueous phase, and higher EE was observed upon dissolving (F1, F1-1).
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