Alcohol, drugs, toxins and post-mortem toxicology
Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis in Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Ethanol is an alcohol consumed in alcoholic beverages. It produces neurological dysfunction both directly and secondary to vitamin deficiencies and metabolic dysfunction (Sutherland et al. 2014a). Alcohol is typically consumed orally and rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, mostly in the small bowel. It is not bound by plasma proteins, so is rapidly diffused in the blood stream. Because it is essentially not absorbed by fat or bone, its volume of distribution is related to the total body water. As such men have a lower blood ethanol compared with women when the same amount of ethanol is consumed. Alcohol is metabolised to acetaldehyde via three main enzyme pathways: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidising system (MEOS), which requires the CYP2E1 enzyme system, and peroxisomal catalase, though the latter pathway is not significant in vivo. Non-oxidative pathways also occur. ADH is the main pathway at low concentrations but with chronic use MEOS becomes more important. The rate of metabolism of ethanol is typically 15–18 mg/100 mL per hour but may vary between 10 and 25 mg/100 mL per hour. Alcohol elimination is a zero order process at high concentrations, but this is not the case with very low concentrations. Most ethanol is metabolised in the liver. This results in the production of acetoacetate which is converted to acetate.
From Designer Food Formulation to Oxidative Stress Mitigation: Health-Boosting Constituents of Cabbage
Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan in The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
Considering anthocyanins, the glycosylated anthocyanins have better extractability via polar solvents [50]. Earlier, Lapornik et al., [84] explored that anthocyanins are naturally polar compounds, and their mass transfer is related to solvent polarity. They also found that methanol and ethanol are equally effective and suitable solvents for the extraction of anthocyanins. Earlier researchers found that methanol is better for extraction of phenolics and anthocyanins than ethanol while three to four times lower extraction efficiency was achieved through water. The higher concentration of methanol is related to its smaller size, relative to ethanol, thereby penetrating deep into plant matrix where ethanol cannot reach. However, ethanol residues are considered safe for food-based applications [26, 115].
Sunscreens
Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters in Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
O/W formulations, the largest group in the market, allow for more flexibility in terms of texture and are used in products ranging from light moisturizing creams to products with the highest permitted SPF, UVA levels and water resistance. The challenge with this type of emulsion is that at high SPF ranges the proportion of oil phase to water phase can be in the region of 50:50 and the products are therefore difficult to stabilize. Water-resistance claims with this type of system are delivered by including film formers and resins, which are often sticky in nature, and offset the elegant feel from the base formulation. Improvements to texture can be achieved by addition of low levels of silicone-based materials, powders, and careful choice of esters and solvents. Ethanol is also frequently added to improve texture and has the added benefit of providing some preservation, and levels of other preservatives can be reduced or, in some cases, removed. The negative with ethanol is that at higher levels it can be very drying when applied to the skin.
Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Catherine Champmartin, Lisa Chedik, Fabrice Marquet, Frédéric Cosnier
Even though it may affect the percutaneous absorption of a substance, the effect of vehicles on viability and/or metabolism of the skin is incompletely documented in the literature. Indeed, only a few publications report the effects of ethanol on these parameters. Reports on the effects of other vehicles are even more rare, and use a number of distinct methodologies, making the results difficult to interpret. Consequently, these subjects will need to be further investigated. As viability and metabolism are linked, several researchers used measures of specific enzymatic activity in the skin to conclude on its viability. Skin is acknowledged to be a metabolic site, and the metabolic capacity of skin explants has been more extensively investigated over the last decade (Eilstein et al. 2014; Manevski et al. 2015; Oesch et al. 2018). Corrosive effects and loss of viability also correlate, and it is recommended to assess the corrosive effect of a substance on skin based on cellular viability measurements (OECD 2019). Some methods to assess skin viability are briefly discussed in Hopf et al. (2020). When assessing the cutaneous metabolism of a test substance, if the metabolic pathways are known, the effect of the vehicle on these pathways should be investigated. Otherwise, for the moment, we can particularly recommend that ethanol be avoided because of its effects on various enzymes.
Short and prolonged maternal separation impacts on ethanol-related behaviors in rats: sex and age differences
Published in Stress, 2020
Kamila Souto Leichtweis, Marielly Carvalho, Gessynger Morais-Silva, Marcelo Tadeu Marin, Vanessa Cristiane Santana Amaral
Some studies have revealed that differences in consumption and preference between males and females are not evident in animals younger than 39 days of age, and this difference is more noticeable in adult life (García‐Burgos, González, Manrique, & Gallo, 2009). These data show that differences between sexes in preference and pattern of consumption in rodents are not expressed in very young animals but are evident during a brief period of puberty (39 to 41 days) when males drink more than females, and during adulthood with females drinking more than males (Lancaster, Brown, Coker, Elliott, & Wren, 1996). The results of the present study reinforce those described in other studies (Peñasco, Mela, López-Moreno, Viveros, & Marco, 2015), which pointed out that differences in total ethanol consumption between males and females are not evident during adolescence and seem to be observed in adulthood. On the other hand, we found interesting differences regarding the consumption of different ethanol solutions offered simultaneously. As in adults, female adolescents consumed more the 4% ethanol solution compared to males, while males during the adolescence consumed more the 8% ethanol solution compared to females.
PBPK modeling characterization of potential acute impairment effects from inhalation of ethanol during e-cigarette use
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Sharlee L. More, Stephanie A. Thornton, Joshua R. Maskrey, Apurva Sharma, Elise de Gandiaga, Thales J. Cheng, Ernest S. Fung, Autumn J. Bernal, Amy K. Madl
Ethanol concentrations have been reported to range from 0.016 to 245 mg/mL in various e-liquids, with higher ethanol concentrations in e-liquids that contain higher concentrations of flavorant chemicals (Varlet et al. 2015; Sleiman et al. 2016; Lim and Shin 2017; Poklis et al. 2017). Specifically, headspace gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (HS-GC-FID) was used to determine the ethanol concentration in 35 nicotine-containing e-liquids and 21 e-liquids without nicotine (Poklis et al. 2017). Ethanol was detected in 33 of the 35 nicotine-containing liquids (range 0.07–206 mg/mL) and 20 of the 21 non-nicotine-containing liquids (range 0.1–194 mg/mL) (Poklis et al. 2017). Interestingly, only one of the tested e-liquids (56.0 mg/mL ethanol) was labeled as containing ethanol (Poklis et al. 2017). In a separate study, ethanol concentrations of 135–245 mg/mL were reported for three e-liquids analyzed using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) (Sleiman et al. 2016).
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