Principles of forensic science and crime scene investigation
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones in Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Clothing and soft-furnishings are made in a wide array of fabrics that come from all manner of sources. Natural fibres, such as wool, cotton and linen have been used for centuries and they are often combined with man-made fibres to improve their versatility. Within the types of fibre used there may be many different dyes and other materials incorporated into them which give different properties to the finished garment. All of these characteristics enable the forensic fibre examiner to identify sources of fibres and compare them with fibres that have been transferred to other garments or furnishings. Identification of the fibres involves microscopic and analytical techniques, and it is possible to use the results in tandem with the number and location of the recovered fibres to give an interpretation of the circumstances that caused the transfer to occur. For example, it may be possible to state in which seat of a car a suspect was sitting, so that their version of events of the incident can be evaluated. It is sometimes possible to find an original source of a fibre that is prevalent in a case by going to manufacturers and obtaining details of the amount and geographic distribution of a particular product.
Ethnobotany of Useful Plants in Indo-Gangetic Plain and Central India
T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur in Ethnobotany of India, 2017
The making of natural dye is one of the oldest known to man and dates back to the dawn of human civilization. Color on clothing has been extensively used since 5000 years back (Kar and Borthakur, 2008). It was practice during the Indus river valley civilization at Mohenjodaro and Harappa (3500 BC), former Egyptian and China period (Siva, 2007). Moldenke and Moldenke (1983) reports that an orange or yellow impermanent dye is made from corolla tubes of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. for Buddhist robes in Sri Lanka (Panigrahi and Murti, 1989-1999). In the making of natural dyes the uses of mordant to hold fast the dye and to prevent them from touching the cloth were printed bales of soft textile. In India there are more than 450 plants out of 17,000 plants have been recorded that can produce dye. In 19th century the discovery of synthetic dyes has been dealt a massive blow to Indian textile industry. Research has been shown that the vast uses of synthetic dyes associated with hazards effecting human body system; it causes skin cancer, temporary or permanent blindness and also the respiratory system, etc. (Dubey, 2007; Singh, 2001).
Health Professionals and Modern Human Research Ethics
Howard Winet in Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
In the first pharmaceutical epoch (1850–1945) (Malerba and Orsenigo 2001), industrialization of chemistry was just beginning, and new drug development was rare. Synthetic dye production preoccupied the blossoming chemical industries. What there was of a drug industry was 80% concentrated in Europe (Malerba and Orsenigo 2001). Understanding of human physiology was too rudimentary for targeted research, so the new drug companies in the United States and the United Kingdom focused on mimicking effective drugs that had been found in nature. Paul Ehrlich, the 1908 Nobel laureate, improved on this approach by targeting the agents of a variety of diseases with “magic bullets”, introducing the concept of “chemotherapy”. But his antibacterial drugs, like neosalvarsan (see Chapter 10), were often toxic (salvarsan contains arsenates) in high dos or used chronically. Some were even used for cancer treatment, with usually disastrous results (DeVita Jr and Chu 2008). Construction of the Panama Canal, where yellow fever was a threat (McCullough 1977), and World War I, added the Department of Defense (DOD) to the quest. It instituted studies of infectious diseases of potential threat to soldiers, mostly in the tropics (e.g. the Philippines that had been won from Spain in the Spanish-American war) (Peake et al. 2011). But the worst infectious disease, in terms of deaths, to afflict fighting soldiers in the early 1900s was the HIN1 virus-caused flu that they caught in Europe. Its epidemic caught the medical community completely off guard (Morens et al. 2010). In fact, the epidemic ended with no medical intervention; that is, it just died out naturally.
Application of crosslinked chitosan-nanoclay composite beads for efficient removal of Ponceau S azo dye from aqueous medium
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Seda Çınar, Ayşe Dinçer, Ahmet Eser, Tülin Aydemir
Azo dyes, which constitute an important class of synthetic dyes, are characterized by the -N = N- bond in the chromophore group. One of the carbon atoms attached to the azo group may be aromatic (benzene, naphthalene. and derivatives) or heterocyclic ring and the other may be a group attached to the aliphatic chain. N Any azo group is not found in the natural dyestuffs structure. All of these class dyes are synthetically obtained. The strong electronegativity of the azo group balances the aromatic substances against to conversion of oxygenates (Benkhaya et al.2020). Since azo dyes are stable, their discharge into the environment causes groundwater and soil pollution. Many of the biodegradation products of synthetic azo dyes are sulfonated and non-sulfonated aromatic amines (Srinivasan and Sadasivam 2021). Decomposition products can be toxic to aquatic organisms, as well as carcinogenic and mutagenic to humans. Therefore, these dyes should be removed properly before being discharged.
Evening primrose oil attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, and ultrastructural alterations induced by metanil yellow in the liver of rat: a histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Amany Mohamed Shalaby, Rania H. Shalaby, Mohamed Ali Alabiad, Doaa I. Abdelrahman, Mohammed Alorini, Fatima A. Jaber, Shaimaa Mohamed Abdelfattah Hassan
Myl is a food colorant and has been extensively applied in the preparation of various foods. According to previous studies, this dye is harmful to a variety of biological systems.2 Thus, the purpose of our work was to evaluate the impact of chronic Myl administration on the hepatic function and structure of rats, as well as the ameliorative effect of EPO. The current study found that prolonged Myl treatment caused a considerable rise in serum AST and ALT levels. This rise matched the findings of Sharma et al.,1 who discovered comparable outcomes in rats given Myl. They attributed the increased serum levels of enzymatic markers to the liver’s deteriorated structural integrity. Moreover, Adikwu and Nelson,22 reported that hepatic enzymes are discharged into circulation following cellular injury as they are cytoplasmic in nature.
Adverse effects of textile dyes on antioxidant enzymes and cholinesterase activities in Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Shaista Rahimi, Mahendra P. Singh, Jeena Gupta
Dyes are coloring pigments extensively used in industries like textile, paper, leather, food etc. and represent a major segment of chemical industry besides pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and petrochemicals; but their use is loaded with disagreements and controversies (Msagati 2013). Textile industries, the major consumer for dyestuffs market (consumes almost 70%) is therefore becoming an important monitoring target as their waste water are loaded with hazardous dyes (Zocolo et al.2015). If the treatment of this wastewater is not done properly, the contaminating dyes may reach the receiving water and through drinking water may expose human populations and biota (Tsuboy et al.2007, Carneiro et al.2010). Some dyes are not even completely removed following conventional treatments and their concentration may rise during dry season worsening the situation (Carneiro et al.2010, Vacchi et al.2017). The researchers are working on improving dye removal methods from waste waters and a recent study highlight the effectiveness of Alcea rosea root extract as natural coagulant for removing disperse dyes from aqueous solutions (Mahmoudabadi et al.2019).