Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Mansoor M. Amiji in Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Although hormonal therapy and immunotherapy are useful for certain types of cancer, chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs remains the most established and commonly used form of drug therapy. Sometimes, chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs is the only treatment a patient receives. More often, cytotoxic drugs are used in addition to other modalities (e.g., surgery, radiotherapy) to improve their effectiveness and prevent cancer recurrence.73 Until recently, most of the SLN systems for cancer treatment are designed for cytotoxic drug delivery. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, in the following discussions the terms cytotoxic drug, anti-cancer drug and anti-tumor drug will be interchangeably used, even though the latter two terms actually carry broader meaning.
Gold Nanoparticle–Assisted Radiation Therapy
Pandit B. Vidyasagar, Sagar S. Jagtap, Omprakash Yemul in Radiation in Medicine and Biology, 2017
Targeted drug therapy is an advanced drug therapy technique that delivers a certain amount of therapeutic agent for prolonged period to the targeted area within the body. This helps maintain the required plasma and tissue drug levels in the body. The delivery system is prepared by knowing specific features/properties of targeted cells, transport carriers, or vehicles which convey the drug to specified receptor ligands. The system must be biochemically inert, non-immunogenic, and biophysically stable. The targeted drug delivery system is generally categorized as passive and active targeting delivery systems. In passive targeting, the accumulation of the drug or drug carrier system takes place at specific sites. In an active targeting system, specific ligand receptors are involved in drug delivery.
The diagnostic evaluation and management of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease, toxic nodules, and toxic multinodular goiter
David S. Cooper, Jennifer A. Sipos in Medical Management of Thyroid Disease, 2018
The side effects of antithyroid drugs are usually classified as “minor” or “major,” depending on the level of potential harm to the patient (Table 2.3) (47, 75). Many side effects appear to be “allergic” or “immune,” and one preliminary report suggested that patients with Graves’ disease were more likely to have adverse reactions than hyperthyroid patients with nodular thyroid disease (76). Overall, side effects develop in 5% to 25% of patients and are among the most frequent reasons for abandoning drug therapy. As noted previously, methimazole-related drug reactions are dose-related, but this does not appear to be the case for PTU. The commonest minor reactions are fever, rash, pruritus, arthralgias, gastrointestinal distress, and nausea. Rashes can be urticarial, macular, or morbilliform. In one prospective trial, rash developed in about 20% of patients treated with 30 mg of methimazole versus 6.6% with 15 mg of methimazole daily (48). If a rash develops, it will sometimes resolve spontaneously (even with continued use) with or without the use of antihistamines to treat associated itching. Although switching to the alternative drug is another possibility, the cross-reaction rate may be as high as 50% (77). Some patients may simply elect to stop the offending drug and accept a definitive form of therapy. Loss of sense of taste, sometimes associated with anosmia, is a rare minor side effect reported only with methimazole (73). It develops suddenly after 1 to 2 months of therapy and resolves after the drug is stopped (Table 2.3).
The predictive value of MiR-221 in cancer chemoresistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Yuxi Liu, Jingwen Li, Junying Li, Han Yan, Bing Qiao, Yadan Wang, Yu Hu, Chunyan Sun
Human cancers are a large group of malignant diseases, which cause incalculable economic and social burdens all over the world. According to the GLOBOCAN, there were approximately 18.1 million new cancer cases and 9.6 million deaths from cancer in 2018 [1]. Drug therapy is one of the most common approaches in cancer treatment. In the past few decades, with the fast development of drug therapy strategies, including endocrine therapies, targeted drugs, and immunotherapies, the prognosis of cancer patients has been largely improved [2]. However, many cancer patients develop drug resistance during continuous drug application and disease progression. Drug resistance becomes a major obstacle in cancer treatment, and it is necessary to explore the functional molecules underlying drug resistance to identify the biomarkers and develop novel therapeutic targets.
Application and design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles for cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Haonan Dong, Long Pang, Hailin Cong, Youqing Shen, Bing Yu
Nowadays, cancer has become one of the most ruthless killers of human, leading to more than 8 million deaths annually all over the world (Zhou et al., 2018). In addition to surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, as another major treatment for cancer, chemotherapeutic drug therapy is an important method for clinical treatment of cancer. Most of the anticancer drugs, however, destroy cancer cells as well as healthy tissues due to lack of tumor-selectivity. How to delivery anticancer drug into tumor cells is the key problem in cancer therapy. Cancer nanomedicines have been designed for delivering drugs to tumor tissues by exploting tumor’s enhanced permeability and retention effect that greatly improved the efficiency of drugs (Maeda, 2015). The studies of drug nanodelivery have been developed explosively in recent years. With the development of nanodelivery, gene plasmids (Wu et al., 2017), photosensitizers (Hou et al., 2018), and imaging agents (Zhang & Zhao, 2014) are also transported by nanocarriers for tumor therapy or imaging.
Comparison between surgery and thermal ablation for adrenal metastases: a retrospective study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2021
Lin Xie, Han Qi, Fei Cao, Lujun Shen, Shuanggang Chen, Ying Wu, Tao Huang, Ze Song, Weijun Fan
The median follow-up was 29.0 months (range, 20.4 − 37.6 months). During follow-up, local progression occurred in 14 patients in the ablation group and 20 patients in the SR group. The 1-, 3- and 5-year LPFS rates were 74.0%, 62.8%, and 31.4% in the SR group, and 72.8%, 68.7%, and 51.5% in the ablation group, with the median LPFS of 41.5 months (95% CI 9.3–23.4 months) vs. 47.9 months (95% CI 20.6–75.8 months), respectively (p = 0.784) (Figure 3). The LTP rate in the ablation group was similar to that in the SR group (24.6% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.819) (Figure 4). Distant metastases occurred in 31 patients after ablation and in 49 patients after surgery. The distant metastasis occurrence rate in the ablation group was similar to that in the SR group (54.4% vs. 64.5%, p = 0.240). For patients with recurrent or progressive disease, various types of treatments, including chemotherapy, targeted drug therapy, and best supportive care, were performed. Univariate analysis revealed that age <65 years (p = 0.097) and tumor size ≥3 cm (p = 0.027) were associated with LPFS. Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size ≥3 cm was an independent prognostic factor for LPFS with a significant difference (p = 0.031) (Table 2). There was no significant difference in LPFS between MWA, RFA, and CA (p = 0.725).
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