Adrenergic Antagonists
Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur in Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
It is an α-adrenoceptor nonselective antagonist which produces competitive antagonism. Phentolamine, a derivative of imidazoline has a similar/comparable cardiovascular activity to that of phenoxybenzamine. It causes vasodilation by competitively blocking both α1, α2 adrenoceptors with an abatement in PR and systemic BP (Majid et al., 1971; Russell et al., 1998; Juenemann et al., 1986). Activation of reflex sympathetic nerve elevates CO as outlined in Figure 4.3. It is utilized for managing short-term hypertension and bowel pseudo obstruction in pheochromocytoma patients. Moreover, it is utilized to counter anesthesia effect by antagonism of α receptor mediated vasoconstriction brought about by sympathomimetics usually administered along local anesthetics. A main adverse event observed is hypotension. Other effects include cardiac arrhythmia, ischemic cardiac events MI, and tachycardia. The drug administration is via parenteral route (Juenemann et al., 1986). Activity is instant on administration through intravenous route and about 15–20 min through intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. Its effect endures for about 10–15 min on intravenous administration and through intramuscular it takes 3–4 h. Biotransformation happens in the liver and elimination through urine (Brunton et al., 2011; Seideman, 1982).
Organizing and documenting your clinical day
Laura A. Jaroneski, Lori A. Przymusinski in So You Want to Teach Clinical?, 2018
While determining the daily assignments, review each Medication Administration Record (MAR) to decide which patients will be assigned to receive medication from the students. Refer to Chapter Six for detailed information on the medication administration process. Medication administration is stressful for students, and the instructor. A strategy for safely supervising a group of students with reduced stress is to assign students alternate days to administer medications. If you choose to do this, the students who are not giving medications can benefit from assessing and providing total care to two or more of their patients. This will focus learning on disease processes and treatments. It is important to teach nursing students that medication administration is not the sole aspect of nursing care. This also provides them the opportunity to explore and seek other knowledge about laboratory results, disease processes, and the rationale for nursing care that accompanies it.
Drug calculations
Pearl Shihab in Numeracy in Nursing and Healthcare, 2014
Meet some of the numeracy outcomes in the Essential Skills Clusters (NMC 2010): Is competent in basic medicines calculations relating to: tablets and capsulesIiquid medicinesinjections, including unit dose, sub and multiple unit dose, SI conversion.Is competent in the process of medication-related calculation in nursing field involving: tablets and capsulesliquid medicinesinjections.Safely manages drug administration and monitors effects.Safely and effectively administers and where necessary prepares medicines via routes and methods commonly used and maintains accurate records.
The effectiveness of a non-tourniquet procedure on peripheral intravenous catheterization in older patients: A pilot study
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2020
Funda Büyükyılmaz, Merdiye Şendir, Betül Kuş, Hacer Yaman Güçlü
Medication administration is a basic nursing intervention that involves skillful technique and consideration of the patient’s development, health status, and safety (Taylor et al., 2015). Intravenous (IV) medicines are often used to replace the loss of fluid and electrolytes, give blood or blood elements, give irritant drugs (especially for digestive system), or adjust the acid–base balance. To achieve these application goals, patients are often IV treatment (Potter & Perry, 2009; Taylor et al., 2015). Nurses administer medications intravenously by several methods, including large-volume infusions, IV bolus, and volume-controlled infusions (Potter & Perry, 2009). To perform these tasks, health care professionals especially registered nurses (RN) insert peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) into patients’ veins. A key point in this process is the assessment of the patient (e.g. age, body structure, or skin status) before inserting a PIVC.
Learning to liaise: using medication administration role-play to develop teamwork in undergraduate nurses
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2019
Carolyn Hayes, Tamara Power, Patricia M. Davidson, John Daly, Debra Jackson
Medication administration involves complex processes from initial prescription through to post administration documentation (Jennings, Sandelowski, & Mark, 2011). Errors to the process of medication administration remain a central patient safety issue (Clinical Excellence Commission CA and Health N.D.o, 2013; Cloete, 2015; Hayes, Jackson, Davidson, & Power, 2015; Westbrook, Woods, Rob, Dunsmuir, & Day, 2010; World Health Organisation [WHO], 2014). Medication errors and incidents occur at an alarming rate (Clinical Excellence Commission CA and Health N.D.o, 2011; WHO, 2014), and are caused by several contributing factors (Hayes et al., 2015; Hayes, Jackson, Davidson, Daly, & Power, 2017), including interruptions to the administration process and breakdowns in communication (Westbrook et al., 2010). Effective communication is an important component of practice for nursing students and clinicians, that requires effective liaison within a team and is often the subject of discourse related to practice readiness (Hofler & Thomas, 2016; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [NMBA], 2016; Oermann, Poole-Dawkins, Alvarez, Foster, & O’Sullivan, 2010; Wolff, Regan, Pesut, & Black, 2010).
Orally delivered targeted nanotherapeutics for the treatment of colorectal cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Xueqing Zhang, Heliang Song, Brandon S.B. Canup, Bo Xiao
Generally, there are five routes for drug administration, namely, intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, intranasal administration, transdermal administration, and oral administration. Among these, oral administration and intravenous injection are the most common approaches, and their comparison for nanotherapeutics toward CRC treatment is summarized in Table 1. As oral administration has the merit of convenience, great patient compliance, self-medication, as well as cost-effectiveness [7], this review only focuses on this administration route. The effects of oral drugs are influenced by the harsh environmental factors in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including pH variations, digestive enzymes, bile salts, and microbial population [8]. For example, oral 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was impaired by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase present in the GIT. Oral drugs should optimally be soluble in gastric fluid, stable in the GIT, and able to penetrate through mucus layers. Nevertheless, very few oral drugs meet these requirements.
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