Clinical Toxicology of Shellfish Poisoning
Jürg Meier, Julian White in Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by domoic acid8. Domoic acid is produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens (f. multiseries) and its structure is depicted in Figure 10. Other diatoms such as N. pseudodelicatissima and N. pseudoseriata have also been implicated in this form of poisoning18. Domoic acid is distinct from the polycyclic toxins produced by the dinoflagellates. It has some structural similarity to glutamic acid, and may function as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Affected individuals experienced a state of “hyper excitation" followed by “chronic loss of function in neural systems susceptible to excitotoxic degeneration"9. Severe neuronal necrosis was noted in the hypocampus and amygdaloid nucleus, and dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus9. Domoic acid is a potent depolarising agent of spinal cord ventral root neurons67. The effects on the central nervous system correlate with the observed clinical syndrome.
Causes Of Alzheimer’s Disease
Zaven S. Khachaturian, Teresa S. Radebaugh in Alzheimer’s Disease, 2019
Domoic acid is a potent agonist for the kainate subtype of excitatory amino acid receptors. In 1990, a report of a group of people exposed to domoic acid was reported from Canada.17 The individuals all ate mussels that had grown in algae-rich waters near Prince Edwards Island. There had been a period of drought which had raised the concentration of domoic acid in the fungi. The individuals all developed intestinal symptoms, but several also developed seizures, memory loss, and delerium. The delerium cleared, but profound recent memory loss persisted, and one individual was recently documented to have developed intractable partial complex seizures and bilateral hippocampal sclerosis.18
Neurotoxicology
Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw in Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Amnestic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is caused by domoic acid, a neurotoxin structurally similar to glutamate and kainic acid which acts via stimulation of glutamate receptors. Mussels are the most commonly implicated seafood. Symptoms can begin as early as 15 minutes or as late as 48 hours after ingestion of seafood and can include GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) as well as memory loss, seizures, and coma. Mortality rate may be as high as 2%, and up to 10% of patients may have permanent impairment of antegrade memory and chronic sensory and motor neuropathy.
Human poisonings by neurotoxic phycotoxins related to the consumption of shellfish: study of cases registered by the French Poison Control Centres from 2012 to 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Sandra Sinno-Tellier, Eric Abadie, Luc de Haro, Nathalie Paret, Jérôme Langrand, Gaël Le Roux, Magali Labadie, David Boels, Juliette Bloch, Nicolas Delcourt
Some species of phytoplankton (microscopic microalgae) produce toxins called phycotoxins that can accumulate in live bivalve shellfish. These shellfish filter large amounts of water as they feed. Neither cooking nor freezing destroys these toxins. Most of them cause digestive symptoms (diarrheic toxins), while others can cause serious and even fatal neurological effects of rapid onset [1–3]. This is the case of the paralytic toxins produced by algae of the genus Alexandrium, in particular saxitoxin and its derivatives. Amnesic toxins, like domoic acid, produced by algae of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, as well as toxins that have emerged more recently in Europe (pinnatoxins, brevetoxins, etc.) can also cause poisoning. Concentrations of paralytic toxins, including saxitoxin and domoic acid in seafood products, are regulated [4]. When the thresholds are exceeded, the local authorities temporarily close the shellfish production areas on the advice of the health authorities, and/or withdraw the contaminated batches from the market, in order to protect consumers from poisoning.
Quercetin attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Dongmei Wang, Jianlong Zhao, Sanqiang Li, Guomin Shen, Shu Hu
Domoic acid (DA), a naturally occurring marine neurotoxin produced by members of the diatom genus Pseudonitzschia, generates unusually long-lasting (non-desensitizing) channel activation1 and strongly excites hippocampal neurons,2,3 some of which express high levels of kainate receptors.4 Several lines of evidence indicate that DA has been found to cause hippocampal neuron loss and damage in laboratory animals5–7 and in human patients during the Montreal DA incident,8,9 ultimately leading to memory loss and brain damage.10–12 Because the pathogenic process of cognitive deficits and brain damage induced by DA involves a complex cascade of events, the precise biological mechanisms underlying these effects still need to be explored. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play key roles in the pathogenesis of DA-induced cognitive deficits.13–16
Box–Behnken design directed optimization for sensitivity assessment of anti-platelet drugs
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Vivek Nalawade, Amisha Vora
Guilherme et al. reported ESI parameters like cone voltage, source voltage, and drying gas as the critical variables, whereas cone voltage is the only critical APCI parameter for analyzing pesticides from orange matrix. The approach of optimization used was variable selection technique, which appeared to be more of an extension of OFAT [18]. Pardo et al. developed a sensitive method for extraction and analysis of domoic acid in shell fish. First, the right ion source among ESI, APCI, and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) were identified. ESI was considered the best method based on better signal-to-noise ratio and lower limit of detection. Central composite design was used to optimize sheath gas pressure, capillary temperature, and spray voltage. In LC 8040, the parameters like NG, DLT, HBT, and DG are manually optimized till date. The significant parameters were ion source parameters that are optimized by DOE and have proven to be beneficial [18–23].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
- Anthelmintic
- Excitotoxicity
- Glutamate Receptor
- Glutamic Acid
- Neurotoxin
- Proline
- Terpenoid
- Kainic Acid
- Carbon-13