Nasal Cavity Carcinogens: Possible Routes of Metabolic Activation
D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson in Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Dioxane, a widely employed solvent, is a weak nasal cavity carcinogen in the rat. Dioxane administered in the drinking water (0.75 to 1.0%) induced nasal cavity tumors in 6 of 120 rats given total doses of between 104 to 256 g.130 In a dose-response study, only the 1% level was effective; administration of 0.1 or 0.01% dioxane in drinking water did not lead to treatment-related tumors.131 In a National Cancer Institute bioassay, dioxane was administered in concentrations of either 1.0 or 0.5% (VN) in the drinking water to groups of Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. It was carcinogenic at both doses in both sexes of rats, inducing squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal turbinates. Dioxane also causes hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice.131,131a,133 Exposure of rats to dioxane by inhalation failed to induce tumors.132
Scintillation Counting
Graham Lappin, Simon Temple in Radiotracers in Drug Development, 2006
The average path length of a β- particle from 3H is about 6 × 10-3 cm in water, and therefore its kinetic energy is easily absorbed and hence lost for detection. It is therefore important to minimize the path length from the point of emission to the point of energy capture. For this reason, the solvent is selected so that it not only dissolves the analyte but also is capable of capturing the emission energy and passing it on to the scintillator. This does, however, somewhat limit the choice of solvent. The first solvents were dioxane and benzene but these are too toxic for routine use in the modern laboratory. Toluene and xylene have been used traditionally but these also have toxicity issues and they also have low flash points. They have therefore been largely replaced with diisopropyl naphthalene (DIN), phenylxylylethane (PXE), dodecylbenzene, long-chain alkyl benzenes, and 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (pseudocumines).1,2
Preparation of Samples for Liquid Scintillation and Gamma Counting
Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti in Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
Frequently, compounds not soluble in scintillation fluid may be very soluble in a second solvent which in turn is soluble in toluene or other scintillation fluid. There may be drawbacks to this second solvent technique. The addition of a secondary solvent may cause severe quenching; the dilution of the scintillation solvent with secondary solvent may decrease the energy transfer efficiency; dilution of the sample-secondary solvent solution with scintillation fluid may cause precipitation of the sample, particularly on cooling. Some secondary solvents used with varying degrees of success are the alcohols, certain glycol ethers11 and dioxane. The latter solvent is completely miscible in both toluene and water and is probably the most widely used secondary solvent. In addition, the spectral spread of photons from the water-dioxane system shifts to longer wavelengths with increasing concentration of water, which results in a more efficient energy transfer.
Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial and antimetastatic activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ficus ingens leaf
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Doga Kavaz, Huzaifa Umar, Shafiu Shehu
The major compounds present are ethanol, 1-(2-butoxyethoxy) (16.9%), cyclohexane propanol (11.6%), 2-methoxy-6-methyl pyrazine (13.8%), 11,3-dioxane (CAS) (6.8%), 2-propenoic acid octyl ester (6.31%), dihydro methyl jasmonate (7.62), 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid (7.31%) and 4-(bromomethyl) cyclohexane-1-ol (2.11%). Other compounds that are present in the plant extract are 2-methoxy-6-methyl pyrazine diethyl ester, cyclohexane, stearic acid, 3-oxy-4-octene, neophytadiene, pyrrolidine, 1-(1-pentenyl)-(CAS) 1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-n-pentene, pentanoic acid, pentyl ester (CAS) amyl valerate, pyrrolidine, 1-(1-pentenyl)-(CAS) 1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-n-pentene. Ability of plant to combat diseases or its medicinal properties has to do with the bioactive compounds present in the plants. Some of this compounds have medicinal properties and can cure many diseases including cancer. Kucuk et al. reported that 1,3-dioxane has strong ability to combat cancer and fungal related infection [23]. Also, many compounds that have carboxylic functional group that are present in the extract have reported to have antibacterial and anticancer activity [24].
Design, synthesis, molecular modelling and antitumor evaluation of S-glucosylated rhodanines through topo II inhibition and DNA intercalation
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Ahmed I. Khodair, Fatimah M. Alzahrani, Mohamed K. Awad, Siham A. Al-Issa, Ghaferah H. Al-Hazmi, Mohamed S. Nafie
To compare the effect of dioxolane, 3f, and dioxane, 3c, substituents on the biological activity of inhibitor 3a, the calculations showed that inhibitors 3f and 3c have higher activity than that of unsubstituted 3a inhibitor. Moreover, the calculations showed that the dioxolane substituent has higher reactivity than that of dioxane substituent. This was shown from the decreasing the energy of the LUMO (−0.087 au) which means that 3f inhibitor has more electron accepting ability from enzyme than that of 3c compound (-0.084 au), Table 1. Also, 3f has a lower energy gap, ΔE (0.131 au), than that of 3c (0.134) which could be responsible for increasing the reactivity of 3f more that of 3c. Meanwhile, increasing the softness and chemical potential of compound 3f (15.152 au−1 and −0.153 au, respectively) could increase its reactivity with respect to 3c with dioxane substituent. This is in a good agreement with the experimental data.
Supramolecular self-assembly of a hybrid ‘hyalurosome’ for targeted photothermal therapy in non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Haipeng Xu, Lin Dong, Zhang Bin, Huo Yansong, Lin Shaofeng, Liu Chang, Chen Chen, Wang Changli
Oleic acid (10 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of dichloromethane, then N-boc-3-amino-glycerin (3.3 mmol), EDC (3 mmol), and DMAP (3 mmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature under nitrogen. The obtained Boc-protected DOAP was isolated and purified by silica column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate ¼ 20:1). Subsequent deprotection was performed using a hydrochloride acid solution in 1,4-dioxane, which yielded 82% DOAP. For synthesis of the DO-g-HA, hyaluronic acid (HA, 5 μmol) was dissolved in formamide, and equal amounts (1.5 equivalent of HA) of EDC and NHS were added to activate the carboxyl group. Then, at various molar ratios, DOAP was introduced to HA, and the reaction mixture was agitated at room temperature in the dark. The product was dialyzed against distilled water (MWCO: 15 kDa, Viskase Companies Inc., Lombard, IL) successively to remove the reactant remnant after an additional 24-h incubation. The desired compound was obtained as a solid after lyophilization. The final products were generally obtained at a 70% yield. The 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz spectrometer at ambient temperature with CDCl3 as the solvent (Bruker AVACEAV-500, Fällanden, Switzerland).
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