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Order Tymovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The same strategy was used to express a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) against the herbicide 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, or diuron, as a fusion to the PVX coat (Smolenska et al. 1998). The mosaic virions accumulated in inoculated N. clevelandii plants and assembled to give virions carrying the antibody fragment on their surface. The aim of such PVX-antibody particles would be remediation of contaminated soil and waterways. However, the recombinant virus remained infective, so careful precautions would be necessary before releasing it into the environment. This study differed from other attempts using the PVX as a vector to express scFv (Franconi et al. 1999; Roggero et al. 2001), where the scFv and coat genes were not fused and no scFv-carrying mosaic PVX particles were expected.
Research Models of Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla, Heart Dysfunction in Diabetes, 2019
Grant N. Pierce, Robert E. Beamish, Naranjan S. Dhalla
Heikkila155–159 and Malaisse160 have championed the hypothesis that the diabetogenicity of alloxan is related to its capacity to form free radicals. Autoxidation of the reduced analogue, dialuric acid, can lead to the formation of superoxide anion radicals. Superoxide radicals can be converted by various reactions into many other “activated oxygen” species such as hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxy radicals, hydroperoxides, and alkoxy radicals. These reactive oxy-species are potentially damaging to membrane structure and enzymatic activity.161 Malaisse160 has hypothesized that the generation of superoxide radicals by alloxan directly contributes to β-cell necrosis. In support of this, agents which scavenge oxygen radicals and thereby inhibit their actions also protect against the diabetogenic effects of alloxan. Scavengers which have been reported to have such a protective effect include superoxide dismutase,162 dimethylsulfoxide,156 amygdalin,157 dimethylurea,155 and thiourea, methanol, ethanol, n-propranol, and n-butanol.158,159
Growth And Secondary Metabolites Production In Cultured Cells Of Liverworts
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Yoshimoto Ohta, Kenji Kato, Reiji Takeda
The physiology of light-dependent growth of liverwort cells has been examined precisely in M. polymorpha cells in suspension culture.36 The cells are unable to grow in darkness even when glucose is present in the medium, and the uptake of nutrients such as glucose, phosphate, nitrate, and ammonium is also suppressed completely.35 The growth of cells in light is more sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), a specific inhibitor of photosystem II, than to antimycin A, a specific inhibitor of cyclic photophosphorylation. This implies that the energy required for growth and for uptake and metabolism of nutrients seems to be supplied through noncyclic photophosphorylation in the chloroplasts. The rate of glucose assimilation as revealed by the uptake of oxygen is nearly four times higher in light than in darkness, and ATP generated by the noncyclic photophosphorylation appears likely to prime glucose to enter the glycolytic pathway. M. polymorpha cells also can fix CO2 photosynthetically. Even assuming that all glucose in the medium is assimilated by the cells, including reassimilation of CO2 generated by glucose metabolism, nearly one third of the carbon atoms in the cellular constituents seem to be derived from atmospheric CO2. Thus, the liverwort cells cultured in the glucose-containing medium grow photomixotrophically, utilizing glucose by photoassimilation and CO2 by photosynthesis.
Molecular signatures associated with diuron exposure on rat urothelial mitochondria
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Thania Rios Rossi Lima, Estela de Oliveira Lima, Jeany Delafiori, Rodrigo Ramos Catharino, João Lauro Viana de Camargo, Lílian Cristina Pereira
Diuron, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1,1-dimethylurea, is a worldwide used herbicide whose biodegradation in the environment or metabolization in mammals results in the metabolites 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU), 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) (Giacomazzi and Cochet 2004; APVMA 2011). Since in mammals the excretion of these compounds occurs mainly through urine, the urothelial tissue which lines the urinary tract from the renal pelvis and ureters to the bladder, is one of the most affected by their potential toxicity. Previous studies with diuron demonstrated that its MoA on the urinary bladder of Wistar rats involves chemical metabolic activation leading to initial cytotoxicity followed by cell degeneration, exfoliation and necrosis, continuous regenerative hyperplasia and eventual tumors after a long-term exposure (Nascimento et al. 2006; da Rocha et al. 2010; Ferrucio et al. 2010; Ihlaseh-Catalano et al. 2011; da Rocha et al. 2012; Cardoso et al. 2013; da Rocha et al. 2013; da Rocha et al. 2014; Ihlaseh-Catalano et al. 2014; Fava et al. 2015). Recently, the hypothesis was put forward that this sequence of successive events induced by diuron and/or its metabolites could comprise an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) in which the mitochondrial toxic damage represents the initiating molecular event (MIE) (Souza et al. 2020).
Cariprazine for the treatment of bipolar depression: a review
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Renee-Marie Ragguett, Roger S. McIntyre
Cariprazine (IUPAC name: 3-[4-[2-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]cyclohexyl]-1,1-dimethylurea) is a D3 preferring partial D2, D3 receptor agonist and has the molecular formula C21H32Cl2N4O with a molecular weight of 427.41 g/mol. The chemical structure of cariprazine is seen in Figure 1.