Equine Semen Preservation: Current and Future Trends
Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué in Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Permeable cryoprotectants can pass across the membrane and rapidly enter and leave the cell reducing sperm osmotic stress (Alvarenga et al., 2005). Glycerol is one of the most widely used cryoprotectant for the stallion sperm cryopreservation (Gibb and Aitken, 2016). It is trivalent alcohol with low molecular weight and toxic effect because it produces disorders in the cytoplasm, in the permeability and stability of the plasma membrane, and in sperm metabolism (Amann and Pickett, 1987). This molecule passes across the sperm plasma membrane more slowly than other smaller molecular weight cryoprotective molecules, such as amides, dimethylsulf-oxide, or ethylene glycol (Alvarenga et al., 2005). Dimethylformamide (or N, N-dimethylformamide, (CH3) 2-N-CHO) is a nonpenetrating cryoprotectant of the group of amides that show the best results in relation to stallion sperm quality after cryopreservation (Gomes et al., 2002; Alvarenga et al., 2005; Gibb et al., 2013). The amides improve motility, viability, and fertility parameters due to its ability to maintain the structural integrity of the plasma membrane and the organelles (Vidament et al., 2002). Alvarenga et al., (2005) described that the relatively lower viscosity and low molecular weight of the amides increase the permeability of these components across the sperm plasma membrane and decrease the osmotic damage to the equine sperm. The cryoprotective capacity is even more evident when the amides are used in horses that have shown low motility after freezing their semen with glycerol (Medeiros et al., 2002).
In-Vitro Antidermatophytic Bioactivity of Peel Extracts of Red Banana (Musa Acuminate) and Common Banana (Musa Paradisica)
Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
The assessment was conducted by cup plate method. About 18 to 22 mL of PDA media was poured into the germ-free petri-plates and authors had to wait for the sample to solidify. Fungi was observed after five days of old maintained strain. And fungi strains were suspended in the brackish solution (0.85% NaCl) and accustomed for their turbidity at 0.5 McFarland’s standard. 1 mL of fungi strain was extended in excess of the medium via pure goblet purveyor. By means of Flame Sterilized Borer, obligatory concentration of in-sequence watered down extract (0.62 to 40 mg/mL) was supplemented to 20 μL in each well, whereas petri-plates were kept in the media for 1 h inside the refrigerant, and afterward were incubated at 37oC. Once incubated for 48 h, the petri-plates were studied further for the test. Width region of reticence was deliberated and articulated. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as a negative indicator at the same time. The procedure was repeated for three times. The comparable process was followed for antidermophytic observations using NA media that was incubated at 37oC for 18 h.
New Biological Targets for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis
Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay in Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Both methodologies rely upon the activation of the carboxylic acid moiety to a redox active ester which could be isolated or reacted in situ. Even though the mechanism proceeds via a radical pathway (confirmed by Aggarwal’s studies employing radical clock experiments), the methodology could functionalize a variety of complex natural products, demonstrating exquisite control not often associated with traditional radical chemistry (Figures 18A and B). Of note, a borono-vancomycin analogue was obtained as a single diastereomer from vancomycin (Li et al. 2017). Aggarwal (A) and Baran’s (B) decarboxylative borylations. THF = tetrahydrofuran; DMF = dimethylformamide; B2Pin2 = bis(pinacolato)diboron; DMAc = N,N-dimethylacetamide.
Naringenin: its chemistry and roles in neuroprotection
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ayomide Victor Atoki, Patrick Maduabuchi Aja, Tijjani Salihu Shinkafi, Erick Nyakundi Ondari, Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
Naringenin, a potent flavanone, is most frequently found in a number of plants including grapefruit [14], sour orange [15], drynaria [16], bergamot [17], tomatoes [18, 19], tart cherries [20], beans [21], cocoa [22], water mint [23], Greek oregano [24], and beverages like coffee, red wine, and tea, as well as in medical herbs. Naringenin has a molecular weight of 272.256 g/mol. According to IUPAC, it is also known as 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one (Figure 1) [25–27]. According to Nouri et al. [28], naringenin can exist as either aglycone or glycone form. Naringenin is white in colour and it is crystalline in nature with a melting point between 345 and 350 degrees Celsius. This molecule dissolves in organic solvents like ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl formamide but is insoluble in water [29]. Nevertheless, Naringenin is only weakly soluble in aqueous buffers. Naringenin was discovered to be 475 mg/L soluble in water. Naringenin has two pKa values, 7.05 and 8.84, indicating that it has a weakly basic nature [30–32].
Enzyme/pH dual stimuli-responsive nanoplatform co-deliver disulfiram and doxorubicin for effective treatment of breast cancer lung metastasis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Peifu Xiao, Xiaoguang Tao, Hanxun Wang, Hongbing Liu, Yupeng Feng, Yueqi Zhu, Zhengzhen Jiang, Tian Yin, Yu Zhang, Haibing He, Jingxin Gou, Xing Tang
According to our previous publication, we synthesized the copolymer PCL3500-b-PGlu-g-mPEG5000 [37]. NPs were prepared by a classical dialysis method [38,39] according to the formulations listed in Table 1. To ensure the negative charge state of the PGlu segment and provide the binding ability with positively charged doxorubicin hydrochloride, pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was selected as the aqueous solution [40]. Briefly, drugs and materials were first dissolved in 5 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Then, the above DMF solution was slowly added dropwise to 20 mL of PBS and kept under stirring at 40◦C for 1 h. Subsequently, the mixed solution was transferred to the dialysis bags (MWCO = 3500 Da) and dialyzed against fresh pH 7.4 PBS at 25◦C for 24 h. The final product was obtained after being filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane. Except for the amount of drugs, the preparation process of blank NPs, DOX NPs, and DSF NPs was identical with the DSF-DOX NPs.
Engineering biosafe cisplatin loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: optimisation, synthesis, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Disha Mittal, Archu Singh, Kanchan Kohli, Anita Kamra Verma
Cis and o-phenylenediamine (OPDA) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Tween-80, Span 20, Tween-20, Disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium hydroxide and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were supplied by SD FINE CHEM. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was obtained from Merck & Co. Poloxamer 188 was procured from BASF. Cetyl alcohol, Gelol, GSM, Stearic acid, Compritol® 888 ATO and Precirol® ATO 5 were obtained as a gift sample from Gattefosse. Olive oil, Oleic acid Vitamin E and Soybean oil were purchased from Loba Chemie. Phenazine methosulfate, Nitroblue tetrazolium, Sodium Pyrophodspahte, NADH, NADPH, GSSG were procured from MP biochemicals. 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), Tri-carboxylic Acid (TCA), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), H2O2, Sodium taurodeoxycholate, Triton-X, Haematoxylin, Eosin, DPX, Xylene were acquired from SRL. Urea, Creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP testing kits were purchased from Erba Manheim. Balb/c mice were purchased from Small Animal Facility (SAF) AIIMS, New Delhi.
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