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Conjugation of Polymers with Biomolecules and Polymeric Vaccine Development Technologies
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide is a commonly used cross-linker, especially in organic synthesis applications. It has been used in peptide synthesis since 1955. DCC is soluble in organic solvents and can be used at temperatures of up to 80°C (Hermanson 1996; Hermanson 2013).
Methods of Protein Iodination
Published in Erwin Regoeczi, Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
The method takes its origin from an observation made in peptide synthesis, namely, that because of the water solubility of N-hydroxysuccinimide, the resulting esters are more convenient to use than those of N-hydroxyphthalimide.136 The ester bond between the propionic acid and the hydroxyimide can be established136,137 by the carbodiimide technique, e. g., by using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, with approximately one third yield. The ester is also available commercially. Its molecular weight (before halogenation) is 263.25.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Tania Betancourt, Amber Doiron, Lisa Brannon-Peppas
In most drug delivery systems investigated thus far, folic acid is incorporated to the drug delivery system through conjugation to a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer utilizing well-known dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (DCC/NHS) mediated chemistry. Such design aims to minimize steric hindrance for optimal folate recognition. This conjugation technique, however, can activate both the γ- and the α-carboxylic acids of folic acid. It should be said, though, that the γ group is more reactive and is responsible for most of the linkages.
Liposomes with pH responsive ‘on and off’ switches for targeted and intracellular delivery of antibiotics
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Calvin A. Omolo, Nagia A. Megrab, Rahul S. Kalhapure, Nikhil Agrawal, Mahantesh Jadhav, Chunderika Mocktar, Sanjeev Rambharose, Kaminee Maduray, Bongani Nkambule, Thirumala Govender
Vancomycin hydrochloride (VCM) was purchased from Sino-bright Import and Export Co., Ltd. (China). Phosphatidylcholine from soybean (PC) donated by Lipoid (USA). Cholesterol (Chol), p-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) and oleic acid (OA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd. (USA). Ethanolamine and N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) were purchased from Merck Co. Ltd. (Germany), and tert-butyl acrylate from Alfa Aesar (Germany). Dimethyl sulate (DMS) and 3–(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Merck Co. Ltd. (Germany). Propidium Iodide (PI) and Syto9 dyes were purchased from Thermofisher (USA). Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) and Nutrient Broth were obtained from Biolab Inc. (South Africa), and Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) from Oxoid Ltd. (England), and the bacterial cultures S. aureus (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC®BAA-1683TM) (MRSA) cultures were used for antibacterial studies. All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade.
Hyaluronic acid/polyethylene glycol nanoparticles for controlled delivery of mitoxantrone
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Azam Sargazi, Naeem Kamali, Fereshteh Shiri, Mostafa Heidari Majd
HA and protease were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Schnelldof, Germany) and dialysis bag (MWCO = 10 kD) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw 4000), 4-toluenesulphonyl chloride (tosyl chloride or TsCl), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), dimethylformamide (DMF), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and formamide were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethylenediamine (EDA), triethylamine (TEA) and 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) were obtained from Merck (Schuchardt, Germany). MTX was obtained from EBEWE Pharma (Holzkirchen, Germany). N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany). MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines were obtained from the Pasteur Institute Cell Bank (Tehran, Iran). RPMI 1640, penicillin G (10,000 units/ml)–streptomycin (10,000 μg/mL), trypsin 0.25% and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Caisson labs (North Logan, UT). Foetal bovin serum (FBS) was purchase from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA).
Application of an assay Cascade methodology for a deep preclinical characterization of polymeric nanoparticles as a treatment for gliomas
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Cristina Fornaguera, Miguel Ángel Lázaro, Pau Brugada-Vilà, Irene Porcar, Ingrid Morera, Marta Guerra-Rebollo, Cristina Garrido, Núria Rubio, Jerónimo Blanco, Anna Cascante, Salvador Borrós
Thirteen milligramS of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.064 mmol) and 5 mg of N,N′-dimethylaminopyridine (0.038 mmol) were added to a solution of 100 mg linker (0.032 mmol) in 0.8 mL dry dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Two hundred milligram of Polymer P* in 0.5 mL dry dichloromethane was added to the reaction and stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The solvent was reduced under vacuum and 10 mL diethyl ether were added to the residue. The suspension was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min and the solvent was removed. Five milliliterS of diethyl ether was added to the solid and after a short vortex agitation, it was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. The solvent was removed and the obtained product was dried overnight. Eighty-eight milligramS of Seq12 peptide were added to 242 mg of the above product in 2.1 mL dry dimethylformamide. The reaction was stirred for three days at room temperature and was later added to 10 mL diethyl ether. The suspension was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min and the solvent was removed. Finally, 5 mL diethyl ether were added to the solid and after a short vortex agitation was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. the final product was obtained and was dried overnight.