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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A man presented with intensely itchy, erythematous, scaly, and fissured plaques localized to the back of both hands and several episodes of shortness of breath and swelling of the eyelids, occurring at work, which was picking and handling citrus fruits, particularly lemons. Spirometry showed a mild, mixed respiratory insufficiency, indicative of asthma. Patch tests were positive for DL-limonene 2% pet., citronellol 2% pet. and dichlorophene 1% pet. Prick tests with common aeroallergens and orange extract, lemon juice and lemon essence were negative, but RAST tests were positive for cow’s milk, maize and orange/lemon. However, the patient reported that these foods had never caused any adverse reaction by ingestion. On stopping his work, there was complete remission of both dermatitis and asthma in about 6 weeks. Dermatitis as well as asthma reappeared when the patient resumed his work (43).
Drug and Chemical Photosensitivity: Exogenous
Published in Henry W. Lim, Herbert Hönigsmann, John L. M. Hawk, Photodermatology, 2007
James Ferguson, Vincent A. DeLeo
Dichlorophene (G-4) is widely used in this country and in Europe in shampoos, dentifrices, antiperspirants, and “athlete’s foot” powder. Dichlorophene is also used in the treatment of fabrics. It is a rarely reported photosensitizer.
Dichlorophene activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) to mediate splenotoxicity in rat
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Oly Banerjee, Siddhartha Singh, Shilpi K Prasad, Dibyendu Ray, Maitrayee Banerjee, Swagata Pal, Sudipta Kundu, Bithin Kumar Maji, Sandip Mukherjee
In everyday life, human population is exposed to wide range of chemicals from use of every product, starting from consumed food and beverages, drinking water (tap or packaged), the air that is breathed, to different consumer products (cosmetics) etc. Day-to-day exposure of human to a large number of chemicals through different routes has led to a drastic change in scientific paradigms (Tsatsakis et al.2019). The hazardous effects of different environmental toxicants due to human exposure are quite eminent. Recently, human-induced environmental changes that impart deleterious effects to life have garnered the attention of people working in scientific and public communities. Dichlorophene (DCP) is one such compounds of the organochlorine group with multiple uses. DCP is a halogenated phenolic compound that functions as a bacteriocide and fungicide in cosmetics and soaps. It is also used as an antihelminthic drug and has antifungal and antibacterial activity (Aronson 2016). The dichlorophene spray is therapeutically applied in digital dermatitis (Ghashghaei 2007). Thus, the broad spectrum use of DCP in day-to-day life makes the exposure persistent for human beings. The metabolites of DCP are excreted mainly through the urine and include dichlorophene, dichlorophenesulfate, dichlorophene monoglucuronide, and dichlorophene diglucuronide (Yamarik 2004). DCP, along with these metabolites, exhibited low toxicity in acute oral toxicity studies in several animal species. Some evidence of toxicity with DCP was found in short-term oral toxicity studies in mice and rats; nephropathy was the principal finding (Yamarik 2004). Overall, the available data were insufficient to support safety of DCP and warrant additional research to assess its effects on human health.