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Participation of Cytokines and Growth Factors in Biliary Epithelial Proliferation and Mito-Inhibition during Ductular Reactions
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
Anthony J. Demetris, J.G. Lunz, Vladimir Subbotin, Tong Wu, Isao Nozaki, Sarah Contrucci, Xia Yin
CCK is a gastrointestinal hormone that stimulates pancreatic enzyme and bile secretion by binding to the CCK-A receptor. In cultured human BEC, CCK has been shown to induce proliferation.162 Continuous treatment of rats with a CCK analogue, CCK-8S, resulted in a significant decrease in liver mass index at 7 days after treatment and was not effective at augmenting BEC proliferation.162 However, a CCK receptor antagonist, devazepide, induced significant BEC and hepatocyte division after 7 days of treatment, although the difference was not significant by 28 days, even though liver mass index was significantly elevated at this time point.163 The increases in BEC proliferation with the CCK receptor antagonist was speculated to be due in part to reduced bile flow, potentially stimulating BEC proliferation. These results were not seen in a similar experiment from this group showing increased liver weight after 28 days of CCK-8S infusion.164 CCK may cause BEC proliferation, but more studies are needed to clarify possible mechanisms.
Animal Models of Subtypes of Depression
Published in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, J. M. Ad Sitsen, Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2003
Paul Willner, Paul J. Mitchell
Reduced immobility scores have also been observed following treatment with neurosteroids [234], neuropeptide-Y [260], and NMDA-receptor antagonists [213,271]. The effect of NMDA-receptor antagonists is to reduce calmodulin-mediated activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Likewise, NO synthase inhibitors have been reported to be as effective in reducing immobility as imipramine [103]. In rat studies, selective antagonists for subtypes of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor have been shown to reduce immobility scores. However, these positive effects are dependent on time of drug administration. Thus, the CCKA antagonist, devazepide, is only effective when given before the conditioning pretest [108], while the CCKB antagonist, L-365,260, is effective when given immediately prior to the retest [107]. These observations suggest a role for CCK in behavioral adaptations to acute stress.
Trypsin inhibitors: promising candidate satietogenic proteins as complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders?
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Vanessa Cristina Oliveira de Lima, Grasiela Piuvezam, Bruna Leal Lima Maciel, Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
The promising effects led to the patenting of the potato inhibitor, later marketed as Potein®. Potein® is a potato juice preparation produced during the processing of the starch containing protein fractions with antitryptic activity. Chen et al. 13 also evaluated the performance of Potein® administered before a meal in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food intake between 1 h and 3 h after orogastric administration of the extract (1.5 g/kg) tended to be lower, with a significant effect 6 h after administration. When, prior to orogastric administration of Potein®, devazepide, a CCK receptor antagonist, was administered intraperitoneally, no reduction in dietary intake was observed. When administered directly into the animals' duodenum, Potein® was able to increase CCK concentrations by 25% over control13.